Same- and Other-Sex Victimization : Risk Factors, Consequences, and Protection by Peers

Bullying can be viewed as goal-oriented behavior in the strive for dominance and prestige in the peer group (Salmivalli, 2010). To ensure the effectiveness of their power demonstrations, bullies often choose targets from among their vulnerable peers (Salmivalli, 2010; Veenstra et al., 2007). A large number of studies have also shown that victimization has severe consequences for the victims’ psychosocial adjustment (Reijntjes, Kamphuis, Prinzie, & Telch, 2010; Ttofi, Farrington, Lösel, & Loeber, 2011). In this thesis I investigate – based on three empirical studies – whether similar dynamics on the risk factors and consequences apply to same- and other-sex victimization. In the empirical studies, we used the data from the randomized control trial of the KiVa antibullying program for the elementary school grades 4–6 (2007–2008), and for the middle school grades 7–9 (2008–2009). We measured same- and other-sex victimization, and victims’ defending relationships by dyadic questions: “By which classmates are you victimized?” and “By which classmates are you supported, comforted, or defended?” In addition, we used self-reports and peer reports to measure adjustment and social status. The findings imply that other-sex victimization may be challenging for antibullying work. First, although targets of bullying seemed to be selected from among vulnerable peers for the most part, perceived popularity increased the risks of other-sex victimization. Popularity of these victims may falsely lead to an impression that the victims are doing well. Second, the consequences considering victims’ later psychosocial adjustment were alarming concerning girls bullied by boys. Thus, despite the fact that the targets may be perceived as popular, other-sex victimization can have even more severe consequences than same-sex victimization. Third, we found that defending relationships were mostly same-sex relationships, and consequently, we may ask whether defending is effective against other-sex bullies. Finally, the KiVa antibullying program was less effective against other-sex victimization in the adolescent sample. The findings altogether emphasize the importance of taking into account the sex composition of the bully-victim dyad, both considering future research on bullying and in the antibullying work with children and adolescents.Siirretty Doriast

Non-Gaussianity in three fluid curvaton model

The generation of non-gaussianity is studied in a three fluid curvaton model. By utilizing second order perturbation theory we derive general formulae for the large scale temperature fluctuation and non-gaussianity parameter, $f_{NL}$, that includes the possibility of a non-adiabatic final state. In the adiabatic limit we recover previously known results. The results are applied to a three fluid curvaton model where the curvaton decays into radiation and matter. We find that the amount of non-gaussianity decreases as the final state of the system becomes more adiabatic and that the generated non-gaussianity in the scenario is small, $|f_{NL}| \sim \mathcal{O}(1)$.Comment: 10 pages, 2 figure

Palvelurakentamisen toimintamalli

Insinöörityön aiheena oli talotekniikka-alan yrityksen toimintamallin luominen ja siihen liittyvien työvaiheiden kehittäminen. Työ suoritettiin Are Oy:lle ja se tuotettiin toimimaan kiinteistöpalveluosaston palvelurakentamisen yhteisenä toimintamallina. Yhteisen toimintamallin avulla luotiin edellytykset suurempien ja jatkuvasti vaatimuksiltaan tärkeämmiksi muodostuneiden palveluiden onnistuneelle toteuttamiselle. Insinöörityön tavoitteena oli yhdistää Are Oy:n toimintaa eri tekniikan alojen kesken yhteisissä palveluratkaisuissa. Insinöörityön tarkoituksena oli helpottaa projektihenkilöstön työtä antamalla ohjeet palveluratkaisun toteuttamiselle. Ohjeiden avulla varmistetaan tuotettavien palveluratkaisujen onnistuminen kustannuksellisesti ja aikataulullisesti vaadituissa aikarajoissa. Paremman palvelun myötä pyritään vaikuttamaan asiakastyytyväisyyteen ja oman toiminnan tuottavuuteen sekä kilpailukykyyn taloteknisillä markkinoilla. Työ suoritettiin käyttäen hyväksi yrityksessä noudatettuja työtapoja ja kehitettiin noudattamaan nykyajan toimintamallin vaatimuksia. Haastatteluiden ja käyttökokemusten perusteella luotiin pohja insinöörityölle. Tarvittavat toimenpiteet ja ohjeet yhteisen palvelurakentamisprojektin onnistuneeseen toteuttamiseen kerättiin yhdeksi kokonaisuudeksi. Tuotettu lopputulos otettiin käyttöön nykyisissä projekteissa, joiden käyttökokemusten perusteella työ kehitettiin lopulliseen muotoonsa. Insinöörityön lopputuloksena syntyi toimintamalli, joka sisältää yrityksen palvelurakentamisen hallinnollisen hierarkian, yhdessä toiminnan prosessikaavioiden, ohjeistuksen, sekä asiakirjojen kanssa. Laadittu toimintamalli tullaan ottamaan käyttöön osana Are Oy:n älykkään ylläpidon konseptia. Toimintamalli julkaistaan Are Oy:n kiinteistöpalveluissa, ja se tulee olemaan projektihenkilöstön käytössä yrityksen intranetissä.The aim of this final year project was to create a functional operations model for a company working in the field of building services engineering by improving the company’s working methods with guidelines for the implementation of building service solutions. Another goal was to develop the communication between project personnel. The project was carried out by observing the old working methods in the company and developing them to comply with the requirements of the modern operations model when necessary. The information was collected through interviews and from user experiences. Furthermore, project management literature was studied to provide a sound theoretical basis. The operations model was applied on several construction sites and on the basis of user experiences it was developed into its final form. The result for this final year project is an operating model that covers the administration of the company, together with process descriptions, guidance, and documents. The operations model will guide project personnel to better project management. It ensures the company’s business in the field of building services engineering by providing better operation solutions. Better service improves customer satisfaction and so the company’s competitiveness of the building technology market in the future