Germ Cell Tumors and their Association with Pregnancy

Ovarian germ cell tumors (OGCTs) comprise 20–25% of all ovarian cancers arising from germ cells of ovary. Mature teratoma (dermoid) is the only benign and commonest germ cell tumor. Only 3–5% germ cell tumors are malignant, dysgerminomas being the most common. These tumors occur in adolescents and reproductive age group. Hence, its association with pregnancy is not uncommon. They can be reliably diagnosed with ultrasound imaging. Raised levels of tumor markers in pregnancy should be interpreted with caution. Cystectomy can be done for benign germ cell tumors. However, fertility sparing surgery with surgical staging with or without adjunctive therapy is recommended for malignant germ cell tumors (MOGTs). Surgery is safe in the second trimester of pregnancy. MOGTs are quite sensitive to chemo and radiotherapy. Three to four courses of chemotherapy with bleomycin, etoposide, and platinum is recommended. Prognosis of these germ cell tumors is excellent

Empowering Women Through Environmental Protection

Women symbolize „Prakrati‟ means „nature‟ in Indian Philosphy. She creates and nurtures the creation to bloom. She signifies „shakti‟ the power that drives the system. Throughout the history, women have been immortalized as powerful symbols of nature. Mother earth, Earth Goddess women have personified nature and given nature its infinite meaning. Women have direct contact with natural resources like fuel, food and fodder, forest water and land specially in rural areas where 70% of Indian reside and directly dependent upon natural resources. A lot of studies on women and environment have shown that women are significant actors in natural resource management and they are major contributors to environmental rehabilitation and conservation. Women‟s direct contact with environment has produced them deep-knowledge about the environment. Thus, women have served as agriculturalists, water resource manager, and traditional scientists, among others. Women are not only knowledgeable about the environment, but they are also protective and caring. Women and the environment are closely bound and interconnected. Therefore women as beares and conserver of life, as those who first guide children, should be foremost in dedication to the environmental cause

Medical Ethics And Medical Negligence In Ancient India: An Legal Overview

The concept of medicine and medical procedures was very common in ancient India. We know that people got medical treatment from Vaidhya in ancient times. They had adopted the Ayurveda method. Ayurvedic medicine is one of the oldest healing remedies in the world. It was founded around more than 3,000 years ago in India. It is said that Ayurveda is a natural medicine system, that originated in India. The word Ayurveda is denoting the words “Ayur” is a Sanskrit word it means (life) and Veda (science or knowledge). In the present scenario is teaching the Ayurveda how can survive life and how can live life. In another word, we can say that with the help of Ayurveda we can change the lifestyle interventions and get the natural remedies to restore the balance between body, mind, spirit, and environment. It is important to factor of Medical ethics and medical negligence for the relation between doctors and patients. If the doctor breaches medical ethics and commit negligence then the patient lost his life. It is very dangerous for Patients' life. With the help of this research paper, I will discuss the impact of medical ethics and medical negligence on society from ancient to the present scenarios. And what are the legal remedies are available in India

Missing IUCD strings: an analysis

Background: Missing IUCD strings, i.e.  IUCD strings that are not visible at the external cervical os, are a commonly encountered problem and needs to be analysed.Methods: IUCD users coming for routine checkup (follow-up / renewal / removal) or with any complaints related to IUCD or gynecological complaints or referred from other health center and found to be having missing threads were included in the study. Complaints by woman, obstetric history, details of IUCD insertion, USG imaging reports were recorded. Removal of IUCD was done if indicated or if the woman desired so, by simple OPD procedure and if required in operation theatre.Results: Out of 324 IUCD users who were examined in OPD, missing IUCD threads were found in 69.  About half of them were asymptomatic. AUB was the commonest symptom. 82.6% women had IUCD in situ on USG. Displacement was seen in 10.14%, embedment in 4.35%. Expulsion was seen in 4.35% women. Removal was done in only 29 women. Removal was done by simple OPD procedure in 24 women, as minor OT procedure in 3. Only 1 required hysteroscopic removal. Commonest cause of missing threads was found to be broken, detached or severed strings.Conclusions: As most of these women with missed IUCD strings, IUCD was found to be in situ on ultrasound imaging; hence, these women need counselling regarding continuation of using IUCD.  If required, removal can be done as an OPD procedure

Post-partum intrauterine contraceptive device: acceptability and safety

Background: Antenatal period is the ideal time for counselling regarding contraception. PPIUCD is a long term reversible method for unmet need of contraception in women of reproductive age. The objectives of this study were to determine proportion of women accepting PPIUCD insertion, their socio-demographic, obstetrics characteristics, reason for acceptance, denial, rates of expulsion, complications and continuation rate till 10 weeks after insertion.Methods: A prospective descriptive study on 300 consented women was done in 2012-2013. A structured questionnaire and performa were used to obtain data. PPIUCD (CuT380A) was inserted in these women and were followed up till 10 weeks post insertion.Results: Out of 300 women counselled, only 85 accepted PPIUCD giving an acceptance rate of 28.33%. Women who had short inter-conceptional period or those who had previously used interval IUCD were significantly associated with greater acceptance. Fear of pain, heavy bleeding and infertility when planning next pregnancy were the most common reasons for denial. Continuation rate was 86.89% at 10th week after insertion. No major complication was observed i.e. perforation, infection and pregnancy.Conclusions: PPIUCD is quite safe method of contraception. Adequate counselling and clarification of myths associated with PPIUCD use can help acceptance and meet the unmet needs of contraception in post-partum period and even later in reproductive age women

Association between different degrees of hypothyroidism and serum lipids

The association between overt hypothyroidism (OH) and altered lipid profile is well known, however the significance of dyslipidemia in subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) remain controversial. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine any association between lipid profile and different degrees of thyroid dysfunction. Thyroid and lipid profile parameters were analysed in 58 patients with overt (TSH ≥ 10.0 μIU/L and/or abnormally low fT4 and fT3 levels) and 87 patients with subclinical hypothyroidism (TSH 6.0-9.9 μIU/L with normal fT4 and fT3 levels) in this case-control study. These were compared with 100 age- and sex-matched euthyroid controls. It was found that only mean serum level of total cholesterol in patients with SCH was significantly high from that in controls (p=0.045). Other lipid parameters did not show any statistical significance. Whereas patients with OH had statistically significant higher levels of total cholesterol (p<0.001), triglyceride (p<0.05), LDL-C (p<0.001) and VLDL-C (p<0.05). There was also an increase in HDL-C in both SCH and OH group though not significant statistically. In conclusion, lipid profile is not much deranged in SCH whereas OH is a major cause of secondary dyslipidemia which may lead to increased risk of coronary artery disease. Therefore, thyroid hormone replacement would be most beneficial in patients with OH instead of SCH. However, patients with SCH should be monitored for deterioration of thyroid function and dyslipidemia at regular intervals.Keywords: Cholesterol; Dyslipidemia; HDL cholesterol; Hypothyroidism; SubclinicalInternet Journal of Medical Update 2012 July;7(2):3-

Influence of thyroid hormones on biochemical parameters of liver function: a case-control study in North Indian population

Normal level of thyroid hormones is important for normal hepatic function and thyroid dysfunction may modulate metabolic function of liver. The purpose of this study is to determine whether liver function is associated with subclinical and overt hypothyroidism. Thyroid and liver function tests were evaluated in 47 patients with overt (TSH ≥10.0 mIU/L) and 77 patients with subclinical hypothyroidism (TSH 6.0-9.9mIU/L) and compared with 120 age-matched euthyroid controls. Subjects with overt hypothyroidism had significantly raised serum ALT, AST, ALP and total protein levels as compared to controls whereas subclinical hypothyroid patients had significantly increased levels of serum ALT, ALP and total protein. Further, TSH showed significant positive correlation with AST and ALP values whereas fT3 and fT4 had a negative correlation with AST in overt hypothyroidism. Thus, overt hypothyroid state is associated with significant derangement in biochemical parameters of liver function. Hence, liver function should be regularly monitored in hypothyroid patients

Photosensitized INA-Labelled protein 1 (PhIL1) is novel component of the inner membrane complex and is required for Plasmodium parasite development.

Plasmodium parasites, the causative agents of malaria, possess a distinctive membranous structure of flattened alveolar vesicles supported by a proteinaceous network, and referred to as the inner membrane complex (IMC). The IMC has a role in actomyosin-mediated motility and host cell invasion. Here, we examine the location, protein interactome and function of PhIL1, an IMC-associated protein on the motile and invasive stages of both human and rodent parasites. We show that PhIL1 is located in the IMC in all three invasive (merozoite, ookinete-, and sporozoite) stages of development, as well as in the male gametocyte and locates both at the apical and basal ends of ookinete and sporozoite stages. Proteins interacting with PhIL1 were identified, showing that PhIL1 was bound to only some proteins present in the glideosome motor complex (GAP50, GAPM1-3) of both P. falciparum and P. berghei. Analysis of PhIL1 function using gene targeting approaches indicated that the protein is required for both asexual and sexual stages of development. In conclusion, we show that PhIL1 is required for development of all zoite stages of Plasmodium and it is part of a novel protein complex with an overall composition overlapping with but different to that of the glideosome

Effect of cytomegalovirus IL-10 on B-lymphocytes

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