Selenium alone or in combination with lycopene modifies liver metabolizing enzymes against galactosamine – A time bound study

Background: Hepatitis is one of the major public health problems worldwide. This study was designed to evaluate the potential hepatoprotective effects of lycopene (Lyco) and selenium (Se) against  galactosamine (Gala) induced hepatitis in rats.Materials and Methods: Seventy five (75) male albino rats were grouped into five of fifteen rats each. GP 1: Control. Animals in Groups (II-V) were injected i.p with Gala (300 mg/kg b.w daily) for 5 days. GP III: Rats were orally pretreated with Lyco (15 mg/kg b.w). GP IV: rats were pretreated orally sodium selenite (0.1 mg/kg b.w) by gavages. GP V: Rats treated with both Lyco and Se. The treatment was continuous for 30 days.Results: The levels of serum inflammatory markers interleukine-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor TNF- α, nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdhyde (MDA) were markedly elevated in rats injected with Gala compared with control group. Administration of Lyco combined with Se reversed these effects and significantly reduced the levels of these markers (p<0.001) compared with Gala. In addition, combined treatment resulted in a significant improvement in antioxidant activities as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase compared with untreated. Non-significant changes were recorded in the activities of  UDP-glucuronyltransferase and sulphotransferase in rats injected with Gala but the activity of glutathione Stransferase was significantly elevated (p<0.001).Conclusion: The combined effect of Lyco + Se showed a significant hepatoprotective action against Gala induced hepatitis in rats through inhibition of release of inflammatory mediators and enhancement of antioxidant capacity.Key words: Galactosamine- Lycopene- selenium- hepatitis- rats

Free fatty acids profiling in response to carnitine synergize with lutein in diabetic rats

Background: The objective of this study was to investigate the fatty acids profiling in diabetic rats induced by sterptozocine (STZ) and their response to administration of lutein and carnitine.Materials and methods: Ninety male albino rats were divided into 6 groups as follows: Normal control. The remaining rats were injected i.p a single dose of STZ (65 mg /kg bw) for induction of diabetes. Diabetic rats were grouped as: GP II: (Untreated): GP III: Rats were given orally with L-lutein (100 mg/kg bw).GP IV: Rats were given carnitine (30 μg/kg) i.p. GP V: Rats were given carnitine and lutein GP VI were given metformin (100mg/kg bw/d) for 6 weeks.Results: Treatment of diabetic rats with lutein, L-carnitine, combined decreased the levels of glucose, HA1C compared with untreated diabetic (p<0.001). Administration of L-lutein, carnitine, combined to normal rats significantly decreased the levels of myristic, palmitice, palmitoleic, stearic, linoleic, α-linolenic, arachidic and eicosadienoic when compared with control normal rats (p<0.001).Conclusion: Abnormalities of fatty acids composition was observed in diabetic rats. Combination treatment with lutein and carnitine could ameliorate deleterious effect induced by STZ and attenuate the changed fatty acid compositionKeywords: Fatty acids profiling- lutein-carnitine-rat

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of stevia extract

Background: The current trend globally is the utilization of natural products as therapeutic agents given its minimum side effects. The leaves of Stevia contain several active ingredient compounds such as rebaudioside. Stevia extract have been used for many purposes. Active oxygen radicals can induce base modifications, DNA breakage, and intracellular protein crosslink's. This study was done to evaluate the potential of stevia extract as antibacterial and antioxidants actions.Materials and methods: Antibacterial activity of different extracts of stevia was tested in vitro against different species of bacteria and hepato-protective efficacy was testes in rats injected with CCl4 as hepatotoxic.Results: Acetone extract exhibited antibacterial activity against selected five bacteria species. The acetone extract suppressed the elevation of serum ALT (p <0.05) and AST (p <0.001) activities induced by CCl4. Animals given stevia extract showed prevention against deleterious effects of CCl4 by lowering lipid peroxidation and enhancement of antioxidant activities as SOD and CAT. The protection trial is better than treatment trial. Total phenolic content of aqueous and acetone extracts were found 30 mg and 85 mg gallic /gm extract respectively. While the total flavonoids were 40 mg and 80 mg quercetin/g respectively. The GC-MS analysis showed that monoterpene and indole are the main components. Aqueous extract don’t show any antibacterial activity against the tested strains. The antioxidant properties were attributable to its phenolic content to scavenge free radicals.Conclusion: Acetone extract possess a potent antimicrobial and activity against deleterious effect of CCl4-caused liver damage.Keywords: antibacterial, antioxidant enzymes, hepatic damage, stevi

Thyroid profile and LDH Isoenzymes as prognostic biomarkers for diabetic and/or obese subjects

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the levels of thyroid hormones and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzymes in obese and/or diabetic patients. Subjects and methods: Forty male subjects categorized into four equal groups; group 1: Non obese control subjects, group 2: Subjects suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), group 3: Obese subjects (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) and group 4: Subjects thatwere obese and had type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Liver, kidney, lipid, thyroid hormones, total LDH and LDH isoenzymes levels were determined. Results: There was a significant increase of TSH level (p<0.001) in diabetic group as compared with control group and a highly significant increase of TSH was obtained in obese and obese diabetic groups versus control and diabetic patients. LDH 2 was also highly significantly decreased in obese and obese diabetic groups versus diabetic patients. Percentage of LDH 4 was significantly decreased in both diabetic and obese groups and not significantly changed in obese diabetic patients as compared with the control group. LDH 5 percentage showed very highly significant decrease in diabetic, obese and highly significant decrease in obese diabetic groups when compared with control subjects while it was not significantly changed in obese and obese diabetic groups as compared with diabetic patients. Conclusion: LDH isozymes can be used as valuable diagnostic markers for metabolic syndrome. This may help to explore the metabolic changes associated with obesity and diabetes complication and following up the complication of these abnormalities.Keywords: Thyroid profile, lactate dehydrogenase, obesity, diabetes

SELENIUM ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH LYCOPENE MODIFIES LIVER METABOLIZING ENZYMES AGAINST GALACTOSAMINE – A TIME BOUND STUDY

Background: Hepatitis is one of the major public health problems worldwide. This study was designed to evaluate the potential hepatoprotective effects of lycopene (Lyco) and selenium (Se) against galactosamine (Gala) induced hepatitis in rats. Materials and Methods: Seventy five (75) male albino rats were grouped into five of fifteen rats each. GP 1: Control. Animals in Groups (II-V) were injected i.p with Gala (300 mg/kg b.w daily) for 5 days. GP III: Rats were orally pretreated with Lyco (15 mg/kg b.w). GP IV: rats were pretreated orally sodium selenite (0.1 mg/kg b.w) by gavages. GP V: Rats treated with both Lyco and Se. The treatment was continuous for 30 days. Results: The levels of serum inflammatory markers interleukine-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor TNF- α, nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdhyde (MDA) were markedly elevated in rats injected with Gala compared with control group. Administration of Lyco combined with Se reversed these effects and significantly reduced the levels of these markers (

Possible inhibition of hydroxy methyl glutaryl CoA reductase activity by nicotinic acid and ergosterol: as targeting for hypocholesterolemic action

Objective: Coronary artery diseases including atherosclerosis is considered as commonest problem worldwide. Ergosterols are the main components of vegetable oils and nuts. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential hypoplipidemic and hypocholesterolemic effects of ergosterol in combination with niacin in rats fed high fat diet (HFD).Methods: Eighty male albino rats were included in this study divided into two main groups: Group I: Normal rats fed standard diet treated with either niacin (8.5 mg /kg b.w) or ergosterol (100 mg/Kg b.w) or both. Group II; rats fed HFD treated with either niacin (8.5 mg /kg b.w) or ergosterol (100 mg/Kg b.w) or both The feeding and treatment lasted for 8 weeks.Results: A significant elevation in the levels of total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, VLDL-c, LDL-c and atherogenic factor (p<0.001) in rats fed on HFD compared with normal control while HDL-c was significantly reduced in HFD rats compared with control group. Supplementation of diet with niacin or ergosterol or combined exerts improvement in the studied parameters by lowering triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, LDL-c and atherogenic factor and elevate HDL-c near to the value of control. Niacin combined with ergosterol were effective in the reduction of hydroxy methyl glutaryl-CoA reducatase (HMGCoA) compared with control (p<0.001). The combined effect was more potent than individual alone.Conclusion: Utilization of niacin and ergosterol may prevent the hypercholesterolemia and incidence of coronary heart diseases. These functional foods act as nutriceutical as dyslipidemics.Keywords: Nicotinic acid, cholesterol, ergostero

Biochemical markers as diagnostic/prognostic indicators for ischemic disease

Objective: The use of a biomarker was extremely useful in clinical emergencies such as stroke to aid in triage and early management of cases. The diagnostic accuracy of laboratory biomarkers is run to approve the identification of easy, cheap and fast tests associated with cerebral ischemia and intracranial hemorrhage. The present study was designed to screen serum enolase activity, activities of CK-BB, LDH and lipid profile in patients with ischemic or related diseases as good diagnostic/ prognostic indicator for ischemic diseases. Methods: Sixty male subjects in the age range of (45 ±2years) were divided into four groups each with 15 participants: Group (I) normal . Group (II) patients recently diagnosed as ischemic disease; Group (III) hypertensive patients and Group (IV); diabetic patients enolase activity (p<0.001) and CK-BB (p<0.01) in ischemic and hypertensive patients compared with control and diabetic groups. LDH level was significantly elevated in ischemic, hypertensive and diabetic patients compared with controls (p<0.001). The cut -off value for serum enolase was 62.5 nmol/l showing 90% sensitivity and 93% specificity for differentiation of ischemic disease. Positive correlations were observed between serum enolase (r = 0.56), and CK-BB (r = 0.53). Conclusion: Serum enolase can be considered as a more sensitive and specific marker and used as a sensitive diagnostic or prognostic marker for ischemic related diseases.Keywords: Serum enolase, ischemia, hypertension, diagnosis, prognostic

Thyroid profile and LDH Isoenzymes as prognostic biomarkers for diabetic and/or obese subjects

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the levels of thyroid hormones and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzymes in obese and/or diabetic patients. Subjects and methods: Forty male subjects categorized into four equal groups; group 1: Non obese control subjects, group 2: Subjects suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), group 3: Obese subjects (BMI 65 30 kg/m2 ) and group 4: Subjects thatwere obese and had type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Liver, kidney, lipid, thyroid hormones, total LDH and LDH isoenzymes levels were determined. Results: There was a significant increase of TSH level (p<0.001) in diabetic group as compared with control group and a highly significant increase of TSH was obtained in obese and obese diabetic groups versus control and diabetic patients. LDH 2 was also highly significantly decreased in obese and obese diabetic groups versus diabetic patients. Percentage of LDH 4 was significantly decreased in both diabetic and obese groups and not significantly changed in obese diabetic patients as compared with the control group. LDH 5 percentage showed very highly significant decrease in diabetic, obese and highly significant decrease in obese diabetic groups when compared with control subjects while it was not significantly changed in obese and obese diabetic groups as compared with diabetic patients. Conclusion: LDH isozymes can be used as valuable diagnostic markers for metabolic syndrome. This may help to explore the metabolic changes associated with obesity and diabetes complication and following up the complication of these abnormalities

IN VITRO AND IN VIVO EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF STEVIA EXTRACT.

Background: The current trend globally is the utilization of natural products as therapeutic agents given its minimum side effects. The leaves of Stevia contain several active ingredient compounds such as rebaudioside. Stevia extract have been used for many purposes. Active oxygen radicals can induce base modifications, DNA breakage, and intracellular protein crosslink's. This study was done to evaluate the potential of stevia extract as antibacterial and antioxidants actions. Materials and methods: Antibacterial activity of different extracts of stevia was tested in vitro against different species of bacteria and hepato-protective efficacy was testes in rats injected with CCl4 as hepatotoxic. Results: Acetone extract exhibited antibacterial activity against selected five bacteria species. The acetone extract suppressed the elevation of serum ALT (

Modulation of carcinogen-metabolizing enzyme by madinah mint (Mentha spp) in rat liver

Background: The present study was undertaken to assess whether boiling water mint extract (BWME) modulates the cytochrome P450 mixed function oxidase system.Materials and methods: Male albino rats were randomly divided into two groups, comprising 12 animals each. The first group served as control, whereas the second was maintained on BWME (10 % w/v) as its sole drinking liquid for six weeks. Liver microsomal were separated and subjected for phase I and II enzymes (cytochrome P450 mixed function oxidase) analysisResults: The results obtained showed that, BWME caused a significant elevation in the activity of epoxide hydrolase (p<0.001) when compared with the control. However, glutathione S-transferase and glucuronosyl transferase activities were significantly decreased (p<0.001 and p<0.01) respectively compared with control. The mutagenic activity of N-nitrosopiperidine was lower in the minttreated hepatic microsomal compared with the controls.Conclusion: It can be concluded that BWME has the potential to suppress the activity of cytochrome enzymes involved in the bioactivation of chemical carcinogen; hence may display chemo preventive activity.Keywords: Carcinogen-PAH-Cytochrome P45