Nuevos virus respiratorios en niños de 2 meses a 3 años con sibilancias recurrentes

Introducción. Los virus respiratorios son los agentes que con más frecuencia desencadenan sibilancias, especialmente, el virus sincicial respiratorio en los lactantes y los rinovirus en niños mayores. Objetivos. Conocer la prevalencia y la circulación estacional de los virus respiratorios nuevos y tradicionales en lactantes y niños pequeños con sibilancias recurrentes. Material y métodos. Estudio de corte transversal, prospectivo y descriptivo. Se incluyeron pacientes de 2 meses a 3 años con sibilancias recurrentes y factores de riesgo para desarrollar asma hospitalizados por obstrucción bronquial. Se obtuvo una muestra de secreciones respiratorias por aspirado nasofaríngeo y se utilizó la técnica de inmunofluorescencia para detectar Virus Sincicial Respiratorio, Adenovirus, Parainfluenza 1, 2 y 3 e Influenza A y B, y la Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa para determinar Rinovirus, Enterovirus, Virus Sincicial Respiratorio, Bocavirus, Adenovirus y Coronavirus. Resultados. Se evaluaron 119 pacientes (61 femeninos), edad (x ± DE) 1,5 ± 0,9 años. Los días de internación y de requerimientos de oxígeno fueron (x ± DE): 6,3 ± 2,9 y 4,4 ± 2,7 respectivamente. Se hallaron 102 (86%) casos positivos. El 55% de los virus se detectó por Inmunofluorescencia y el 45% por Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa. El 75% de las muestras respiratorias presentó un solo agente viral, el 22% una coinfección doble y el 3% una coinfección triple. Las prevalencias de los virus respiratorios detectados fueron: Virus Sincicial Respiratorio 55 (43%); Rinovirus 30 (23%); Metapneumovirus 13 (10%); Influenza A 8 (6%), Enterovirus 6 (5%); Bocavirus 6 (5%); Adenovirus 4 (3%); Coronavirus 3 (2%); Parainfluenza 1: 2 (1%); Influenza B, 1 (1%) y Parainfluenza 3: 1 (1%). Conclusiones. Los lactantes y niños pequeños con sibilancias recurrentes hospitalizados por obstrucción bronquial presentan una elevada prevalencia de virus respiratorios. Los picos de internaciones coinciden con los picos de mayor circulación viral.Introduction. Respiratory viruses are associated with respiratory exacerbations, more frequently Respiratory Syncytial Virus in infants and Rhinovirus in children. Objective. To evaluate the prevalence and epidemiological features of newer and traditional respiratory viruses in infants and young children with recurrent wheeze. Material and methods. Cross sectional, prospective and descriptive study. Patients with recurrent wheeze and risk factors for asthma, age 2 months to 3 years, hospitalized with bronchial obstruction were included. On admission a respiratory sample was obtained through a nasopharyngeal aspirate. Immunofluorescence was performed to detect Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Adenovirus, Parainfluenza 1, 2, 3 and Influenza A and B. Polymerase Chain Reaction was used to detect Rhinovirus, Enterovirus, Metapneumovirus, Bocavirus, Adenovirus and Coronavirus. Results. 119 patients (61 female), age (x ± DS) 1.5 ± 0.9 years were included. Days on admission and on oxygen requirement were, respectively (x ± DS): 6.3 ± 2.9 y 4.4 ± 2.7. One hundred and two (86%) positive cases were diagnosed. Fifty five percent of the viruses were detected by Immunofluorescence and 45% by Polymerase Chain Reaction. A single virus was present in 75% of the samples, 22% had a double co-infection and 3% a triple virus co-infection. Overall, the prevalence of detected respiratory viruses was: Respiratory Syncytial Virus 55 (43%); Rhinovirus 30 (23%); Metapneumovirus 13 (10%); Influenza A 8 (6%); Enterovirus 6 (5%); Bocavirus 6 (5%); Adenovirus 4 (3%); Coronavirus 3 (2%); Parainfluenza 1: 2 (1%); Influenza B, 1 (1%) and Parainfluenza 3: 1 (1%). Conclusions. Infants and young children with recurrent wheeze and risk factors for asthma hospitalized for bronchial obstruction present a high prevalence of respiratory viruses. Hospital admissions were more frequent during months of higher respiratory circulation

Therapeutic alternatives in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: from pulmonary endarterectomy to balloon pulmonary angioplasty to medical therapy. State of the art from a multidisciplinary team

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a rare disease with a very complex pathophysiology differing from other causes of pulmonary hypertension (PH). It is an infrequent consequence of acute pulmonary embolism that is frequently misdiagnosed. Pathogenesis has been related to coagulation abnormalities, infection or inflammation, although these disturbances can be absent in many cases. The hallmarks of CTEPH are thrombotic occlusion of pulmonary vessels, variable degree of ventricular dysfunction and secondary microvascular arteriopathy. The definition of CTEPH also includes an increase in mean pulmonary arterial pressure of more than 25 mmHg with a normal pulmonary capillary wedge of less than 15 mmHg. It is classified as World Health Organization group 4 PH, and is the only type that can be surgically cured by pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA). This operation needs to be carried out by a team with strong expertise, from the diagnostic and decisional pathway to the operation itself. However, because the disease has a very heterogeneous phenotype in terms of anatomy, degree of PH and the lack of a standard patient profile, not all cases of CTEPH can be treated by PEA. As a result, PH-directed medical therapy traditionally used for the other types of PH has been proposed and is utilized in CTEPH patients. Since 2015, we have been witnessing the rebirth of balloon pulmonary angioplasty, a technique first performed in 2001 but has since fallen out fashion due to major complications. The refinement of such techniques has allowed its safe utilization as a salvage therapy in inoperable patients. In the present keynote lecture, we will describe these therapeutic approaches and results