Fluidization and Segregation in Confluent Models for Biological Tissues

Collective tissue dynamics, more specifically a tissue\u27s ability to fluidize and segregate, is imperative for proper embryonic development and normal physiological functioning. In this thesis, I use vertex models to understand how cell-scale properties govern large-scale collective behavior. I begin with the process of fluidization in ordered monolayers. By perturbing beyond the linear regime, I show that in confluent tissues the linear response does not correctly predict the non-linear behavior, which, in this case, is the ability to exchange neighbors and fluidize. We also construct a simple analytic ansatz that can predict the non-linear behaviour responsible for cellular motion in tissues. Shifting from fluidization to segregation, I next focus on two-dimensional (2D) binary mixtures. I show that a difference in cellular shape or size is insuffcient to induce an emergent interfacial tension, and this leads to large-scale mixing. However, shape disparity can induce a small-scale demixing over a few cell diameters. We report a very similar de-mixing observed in an experimental co-culture of differently shaped Keratinocytes. This can be understood by examining the non-reciprocal energy barriers for neighbor exchanges at the interface, leading to micro-segregation. We next move on to three-dimensional (3D) binary mixtures that have an explicit interfacial tension between two distinct cell types. We find that they can undergo complete segregation, imparting unique geometric properties to cells at the interface. To understand the feedback between interfacial tension and cellular geometry, we develop simple toy models to probe the system\u27s response to perturbations in cellular topology along the interface. Neighbor exchange processes in confluent tissues also involve perturbing the underlying topology with neighboring cells, and therefore are heavily regulated by the cell shape and inhomogeneity in surface tension. In all of the above cases, these local barriers govern the onset of unique collective behavior like-fluidization, microdemixing and novel geometric signatures

Effect of response method in participants with sensorineural hearing loss

Background:Aim of the study was to compare the speed of response, false-alarm rate, and subject preference of different response methods i.e. raising a hand, using response switch, and oral response mode for measuring pure-tone thresholds.Methods:Forty five participants (female-21 and 24 male) were included in the study with sensorineural hearing loss of various degree. Response method order was randomly assigned to 3 different sessions. Air-conduction thresholds were mea­sured thrice for each participant in octave intervals between 250 Hz and 8000 Hz. The 2nd and 3rd session were performed for different response method on a different day but within 2 weeks of the 1st session.Results:Difference in the time was noted when compared with the extent of time required to complete the test for each response method. On an average, using the push­button method took 3.02 to 3.42 minutes less than using hand-raise or verbal response methods. There was also a significant participant preference for using the response button. No significant difference between response method for thresh­old level and number of false positives (P = 0.15) was found.Conclusion:This study supports the use of the response button when measuring auditory thresholds for sensorineural hearing loss.

Randomized comparative study between short duration (4 hour) vs. 24 hour post-partum magnesium sulphate therapy in severe preeclampsia

Background: Objective: To assess the safety and efficacy of shorter duration of magnesium sulphate therapy given till 4 hours after delivery as compared to the standard duration of 24 hours postpartum therapy, given to prevent eclampsia in patients with severe preeclampsia.  Methods: A prospective randomized controlled study of magnesium sulphate therapy in women with severe preeclampsia was conducted with 50 patients each in control and study group. The control group received 24 hours of postpartum magnesium sulphate therapy and the study group received for 4 hours or one intramuscular dose in postpartum period. Chi square and unpaired “t” test were used for statistical analysis of data; a probability value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: There was no statistically significant difference in demographic data, disease severity, maternal and perinatal outcome. The need for IV anti-hypertensive postpartum was significantly higher in study group (12% vs. 0%, P=0.03). No patient developed eclampsia or required reinitiation of therapy. At the end of therapy serum magnesium levels were significantly lower in the study group.  Conclusions: In patients with severe preeclampsia shorter duration (4 hours or one dose) of postpartum magnesium sulphate therapy, is as effective as the standard 24 hours of postpartum therapy.

Concept of Artavavaha Srotas

In Ayurveda, the concept of Srotas has been propagated very specifically. They are integral part of the body. Body is composed of numerous Srotas which have a significant role in maintenance of equilibrium of body elements. They are responsible for maintenance of health as well as disease condition. Srotas is a channel through which different elements undergo transformation, circulation and transportation. Pathological changes occurs in the body due to Srotodushti, Srotosanga etc

A clinical study to assess the efficacy of Usheer Heem in Netradaha w.s.r. Computer Vision Syndrome

Improper use of sense organs, violating the moral code of conduct and the effect of the time are the three basic causative factors behind all the health problems. Computer, the knowledge bank of modern life, has emerged as a leading cause for vision related discomfort, ocular fatigue and systemic effects. Burning sensation of eye is the most common symptom of Dry Eye Syndrome as well as other conditions such Blepharitis, Pink Eye and Allergies. One of the most prevalent is the presence of computer vision syndrome (CVS). It is the new nomenclature for the visual, ocular and systemic symptoms arising due to long time spent and improper ergonomics while working with a computer. It is emerging as a pandemic in the 21st century. CVS seems to be a Vata–Pittaja ocular cum systemic disorder that needs systemic as well as topical treatment approach. Usheer (Vetiveria zizanioides) orally and topically was administered in 30 patients having burning sensation feature of CVS. Group I (Experiment Group) was given oral and local treatment. Significant improvement in burning sensation of CVS was observed, whereas in Group II (Control Group) local treatment showed insignificant results.

Modeling & Simulation of Multiphase Interleaved Boost Converter for Grid-Connected PV System

A Multi-phase Interleaved boost converter with photovoltaic module using Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) technique is the primary objective of this project. Hence at the beginning, the PV module is analyzed in MATLAB using SIMULINK software. Single-diode Photovoltaic model is used here. The surrounding conditions, which really affect the characteristics of PV cells are listed as; Solar Irradiation & Temperature. Generally three boost converters are used in parallel manner to form a three-phase interleaved boost converter. Controlling pulses are coming from the three maximum power point trackers. The MPPT indicates the maximum possible power from the photovoltaic module and supply it to the load via the multi-phase interleaved boost converter which boosts up the voltage in high ratio to required magnitude.Then the generated dc output voltage is given back to grid through universal inverter. Before connecting to grid it should be properly synchronized. In this project, simulation& design of a close loop three phase inverter in MATLAB SIMULINK platform is also presented. That is also a part of PV grid connected systems. The inverter utilized here is controlled by the synchronous d-q reference frame. It injects a current into the grid so that both can be synchronized. Phase lock loop technique is used here to lock the grid frequency and phase with inverter ones. Filter is especially designed here at the inverter output terminal to eliminate the high frequency ripple. It’s of low pass type. There are many MPPT methods given by the researchers. Among them P&O method and INC method are mostly used. Here P&O algorithm is used because of its advantages over INC method. P&O MPPT algorithm having faster dynamic response and well-regulated PV output voltage than hill climbing algorithm

Geometric signatures of tissue surface tension in a three-dimensional model of confluent tissue

In dense biological tissues, cell types performing different roles remain segregated by maintaining sharp interfaces. To better understand the mechanisms for such sharp compartmentalization, we study the effect of an imposed heterotypic tension at the interface between two distinct cell types in a fully 3D Voronoi model for confluent tissues. We find that cells rapidly sort and self-organize to generate a tissue-scale interface between cell types, and cells adjacent to this interface exhibit signature geometric features including nematic-like ordering, bimodal facet areas, and registration, or alignment, of cell centers on either side of the two-tissue interface. The magnitude of these features scales directly with the magnitude of the imposed tension, suggesting that biologists can estimate the magnitude of tissue surface tension between two tissue types simply by segmenting a 3D tissue. To uncover the underlying physical mechanisms driving these geometric features, we develop two minimal, ordered models using two different underlying lattices that identify an energetic competition between bulk cell shapes and tissue interface area. When the interface area dominates, changes to neighbor topology are costly and occur less frequently, which generates the observed geometric features

An audiological profile of keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness syndrome

Keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness (KID) syndrome is a rare genetic multi-system disorder. It is characterized by defects of the surface of the corneas (keratitis), red, rough thickened plaques of skin (erythrokeratoderma) with sensorineural hearing impairment. The skin of the palms of the hand, soles of the feet and the nails may be affected. Most cases are sporadic caused by mutations in the (GJB2 gene). Most cases are sporadic but familial cases with autosomal dominant inheritance have been reported a rare congenital ectodermal disorder characterized by vascularising keratitis hyperkeratotic skin lesions and hearing loss. The 2-year male child was presented at audiology and speech pathology unit department of ENT at Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru memorial hospital, Raipur, patient came with the complaint of inability to hear since birth. The present report outlined persistent severe sensorineural hearing loss in child with KID syndrome

Soft Computing Techniques for Predicting Chemical Oxygen Demand in River Water

Organic matter in water is assessed through Chemical oxygen demand (COD). COD prediction utilizing Data driven technique (DDT) has shown to be promising and may be utilized as supplemental techniques due to the time-consuming procedure and nonlinear correlations between the factors. The current study aims to determine how well three different DDT, namely Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Multi-Gene Genetic Programming (MGGP), and Model Tree (M5T), can estimate the concentration of COD in water taken from three different sections of the Mula, Mutha, and Mula-Mutha Rivers in Pune, India. The performance of the models demonstrates that both ANN and MGGP worked brilliantly, with a correlation coefficient (between observed and projected values) that was more than 0.88 and a root mean square value of 0.7 mg/l across all three parts. The input frequency distribution in MGGP and the input variable coefficient in M5T indicate that both techniques can identify the influential factors. MGGP and MT score with readily available equations as model