The Effect of Sorting Wheat or Barley, Based on the Predicted Crude Protein Content, on Physical Characteristics, Feed Processing Characteristics and Nutrient Digestibility

Variability in the physiochemical profile of cereal grains represents a challenge for the livestock industry. Currently, nutrient values are based on sample averages, ignoring the variation between individual seeds. These experiments were designed to determine if: (1) fractions obtained by an instrument calibrated to separate individual kernels based on predicted crude protein (CP) content have different physical characteristics and/or differ in dry matter digestibility (DMD) and amino acid digestibility (AAD); (2) the grinding method and intensity differentially influences digestibility of each fraction; and (3) hydrothermal treatment effects differ for the individual fractions. The BoMill TriQ (TriQ), which employs near infrared transmittance spectroscopy (NIT), was used to separate individual kernels based on predicted CP content. In the first study, the TriQ was used to sort six independent sources of wheat into ten fractions each. A minimum of 100 kernels from each fraction were randomly selected and used to obtain measurements of length, width, height, area, DGM, perimeter, sphericity, colour (HunterLab), and mass. HunterLab was used to determine L (100 white to 0 black) a (-a green to +a red) b (-b blue to +b yellow). Data were analyzed as a complete randomized design (CRD) using Proc Mixed procedure of SAS 9.4 with the fixed effect being fraction. Physical characteristics were not different among fractions (P > 0.10), except that fractions with lower predicted CP content tended to have greater L* (54.12 vs. 50.95) based on the HunterLab calorimetric approach (P < 0.10). In the second study, two fractions [predicted high CP (HCP) and low CP (LCP)] produced from five independent sources of feed grade wheat or barley, were compared to the unsorted (UNS) grain. Each fraction (UNS, HCP, and LCP) was ground through a 0.375-mm (coarse grind) or a 0.188-mm (fine grind) screen using a hammer mill or a roller mill to produce coarse and fine treatments. The UNS fraction was used to adjust the roller mill to produce ground samples with a similar processing index (w/v) relative to the hammer mill. In vitro DMD (using rumen inoculum; %), starch digestibility (%) and total gas production (TGP; mL) were determined after a 12-h incubation. Data were analyzed independently by grain type including the effects of fraction, grinder type and severity of processing, and their interactions. A split plot iii design was used where main plot was fraction and the subplots were grinder type and severity of grinding. Significance was defined as P 0.05 and P < 0.10. The TGP (mL) and DMD (%) of barley ground using a hammer mill were greater than when processed using a roller mill (P < 0.05; 59.4 mL ± 2.0 mL and 41.8% ± 1.0%, respectively). A similar response was observed for wheat processed using either a hammer mill or a roller mill (P < 0.05; 63.8 mL ± 1.4 mL and 27.8% ± 1.5%, respectively). Increasing the severity of processing increased TGP (47.4 mL ± 1.96 mL vs 35.9 mL ± 1.98 mL), DMD (P < 0.05; 36.2 % ± 1.03 % vs 29.6 % ± 1.04 %) for barley and for wheat (P < 0.05; 48.9 mL ± 1.48 mL vs 42.7 mL ± 1.44 mL) and DMD (P < 0.05; 36.4% ± 0.82% vs 32.2% ± 0.80%). Sorting individual seeds based on predicted CP content did not affect physical characteristics, DMD, or TGP for either wheat or barley. In the final experiment, the response of fractions to hydrothermal treatment on AAD was assessed. Eight wheat-based and eight barley-based treatment diets were used. These treatments followed a 2 2 2 factorial arrangement where the main factors were processing temperature (low vs. high temperature pelleting), fractions (LCP vs. HCP) and grain sources (two independent sources for each of wheat and barley). Additionally, a nitrogen-free diet was fed to estimate endogenous losses. Sixteen ileal cannulated pigs were fed the diets in six blocks, providing an n = 6 per treatment. Digestibility of amino acids for rations composed of barley had a fraction × temperature of processing interaction; the same was observed for wheat grain except for proline (P = 0.27), glycine (P = 0.16) and histidine (P = 0.46), while trends were observed for phenylalanine (P = 0.07), tyrosine (P = 0.10), isoleucine (P = 0.07), methionine (P = 0.08) and glutamic acid (P = 0.08). Most of the amino acids for wheat and barley did not exhibit differences between fractions in digestibility. This lack of difference for the majority of the parameters was attributed to the similarity in chemical composition between the fractions. The similarity between the fractions was attributed to the inability of the TriQ to separate a source into fractions that were different chemically. The key findings of the experiments were that using NIT to sort on an individual seed basis for predicted CP content did not result in chemical (starch or CP content) or physical variation. Additionally, DMD and TGP did not differ between the fractions produced by NIT. iv The current NIT technology was found to have limitations in its ability to differentiate kernels that may affect chemical, physical or processing traits

Prevalence of White Spot Disease in Penaeus Monodon In Relation To Environmental Changes and the Occurrence of Apoptosis

White s pot disease (WSD) is an important viral disease of cultured penaeid shrimp. Despite the amount of research that has been carried out on this disease, much still remains to be done. This study was undertaken to examine the effect of different environmental parameters on the occurrence and severity of outbreaks of WSD. The study also undertook to investigate the occurrence of apoptosis and presence or activation of related genes that might result from virus infection. Black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon and pond water samples were collected from four shrimp farms located along the coast of Peninsular Malaysia, to investigate the relationship between environmental changes and the occurrence of WSD. In the study, it was found that occurrence of WSD was more widespread during the wet season, in association with sudden drops in water temperature and salinity. Laboratory experiments were also conducted to investigate the relationship between salinity, temperature and the occurrence of WSD. All the shrimp exposed to sudden increases in temperature and then returned to normal temperature in association with changed salinity were dead within four days of exposure. However, shrimp maintained at low salinity were less susceptible to disease. To study the development of white spot lesions during infection, shrimp were exposed to white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) via the water borne route. At one-hour post exposure, electron microscopy revealed the appearance of white spots, which were oval or ovate in shape. White spots were visible by the naked eye three days post infection. The study also showed that there were two types of white spots, one related to viral infection, and the other related to bacterial infection. An epicommensal Zoolhamnium sp. was able to penetrate the shrimp cuticle at these bacterial white spots. High numbers of apoptotic cell s were identified in moribund P. monodon infected with WSSV. Apoptotic cells showed DNA fragmentation by TUNEL fluorescence assay and gel electrophoresis of DNA extracts, while H&E stained sections revealed nuclear enlargement and chromatin condensation and margination in degenerated cells. The numbers of such cells present in tissues of WSSV infected shrimp increased with increasing severity of infection as determined by gross signs of white spots on the cuticle, number of inclusion bodies in histopathological sections and by single and double-step (nested) peR assay. The results suggested that apoptosis might be implicated in shrimp death caused by this virus

Evaluation of the NRC (2000) Beef Model for Predicting Performance and Energy Requirements of Cattle Fed under Western Canadian Environmental Conditions

The NRC (2000) beef model is widely used to evaluate nutrient requirements and feeding programs for cattle. The objectives of this study were to assess the accuracy and precision of the NRC (2000) beef model in predicting dry matter intake (DMI), shrunk weight gain (SWG), net energy of maintenance (NEm) and gain (NEg) requirements and also to determine the relationship of body condition score (BCS) and ultrasound subcutaneous fat thickness (USF) to total body fat of steers fed under western Canadian environmental conditions. Data used for this study was from Basarab et al. (2003). The study was conducted over two years using a total of 176 steers. The DMI, SWG, NEm and NEg for each steer were modeled using the NRC (2000) beef model under actual environmental and thermoneutral conditions. Retained energy (NEg) was calculated for each animal based on initial and final body composition. Actual NEm utilized was calculated by subtracting NEg adjusted for the efficiency of metabolizable energy used for gain (kg) from total metabolizable energy consumed and by adjusting for the efficiency by which metabolizable energy is used for maintenance (km). The accuracy of predicted values was evaluated by means comparison, regression and residual analysis, concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) and reliability index methods. Dry matter intake was over predicted (P0.05) under all methods investigated with a general over prediction for NEm and under prediction for NEg under actual environmental and thermoneutral conditions. Cattle NEg was under predicted, possibly explaining why SWG was under predicted. Potential reasons for this inaccuracy includes failure to account for specific physiological and behavioral adjustments such as changes in organ size, passage rate, hide thickness influencing the NEm calculation and in the case of NEg due to the lack of precise knowledge of actual composition of gain by growing steers due to lack of specificity of initial body composition. Body condition score and USF had a comparably strong relationships to total body fat (P<0.05, adjusted r2= 0.55 or 0.56, respectively), suggesting potential for their use in improving composition of gain predictions (P<0.05)

Parametric Architectural Design for a New City Identity: Materials, Environments and New Applications

In contemporary architectural Design, we speak of a parametric structural design. A design that integrates new functionalities crossed with the spatial geometry of objects. It has been considered structured because it optimizes combinations that integrate a minimum of materials and data to respond to functions, uses, and needs more adapted to a society in perpetual evolution. Parametric modelling allows the usability of new materials and the integration of new structures in a variety of design environments. This transdisciplinary research explores aspects of parametric modelling, a design method that creates digital models using algorithms and parameters. By focusing on the material and immaterial plurality of the designed space, this method enables the generation of complex and innovative forms that would be difficult to realize with traditional methods. Then, from a position that redefines the city as both a "medium" city and an "object" city, we explore the fields of application and novelties that are investing in the fields of architectural construction. We examine how parametric modelling can be used to create more sustainable and environmentally efficient buildings, using parametric processes, and optimizing the use of space. In this sense, our research will lead us to identify two aspects of parametric modelling: the conceptual parametric design aspect and the constructive parametric design aspect. Finally, the results of our research enable us to identify a design process that demonstrates the feasibility of using parametric modelling to generate viable, sustainable, and versatile spaces

The Dimensions and Attributes of State Failure in Syria

This is the final version. Available on open access from Routledge via the DOI in this recordWhile state failure was undoubtedly a factor in, and influence on, the uprising, it has become more clearly apparent in the ongoing civil war. The Syrian state can now be said to be ‘failed’ because it cannot meet its citizens’ economic, political and social needs and requirements. This apparent regression is even more striking because pre-war Syria was a regional leader in a number of development fields whose progress was evidenced in associated outputs and levels of performance. This article will provide insight into a number of different dimensions of the country’s statehood, in so doing, trace the process through which the state’s internal and external legitimacy has been sharply diminished. In addition, the paper also highlights how the Syrian state has adjusted to the condition of state failure. The article therefore proposes to examine different aspects and dimensions of state failure, as opposed to the general condition that has been reproduced across various contexts. In concluding, the article puts forward a number of propositions for how international actors can address a number of the challenges and problems associated with state failure

Single seed sorting technology and its interaction with processing for food, malt, feed and industrial markets

Non-Peer Reviewe

Exclusion Strategy and Sectarianization of the Idlib Governorate in Syria

This is the final version. Available from the Arab Centre for Research and Policy Studies via the DOI in this recordThe splitting, renaming and merging of factions can lead to the start of new rivalries, or in some cases, end existing ones. A new faction may inherit the original faction's previous rivalries with other groups, and if a faction name change results in a total restructure, it may signal the end of the rivalry. However, this was not the case when Jabhat al-Nusra renamed itself Jabhat Fatah al-Sham, and later Tahrir al-Sham. It was considered a 'cosmetic' and superficial change because it did not develop a new structure. This article will shed light on exclusionary politics and the political ramifications of sectarianism caused by certain jihadist movements, such as Jabhat al-Nusra (presently known as Tahrir al-Sham), enabling us to analyse its practices, especially towards minorities, and sectarian ideologies present in Idlib, and which ultimately led to the expulsion of many who fled outside the governorate. The article also calls attention to the roles of regional and international powers in Idlib against the backdrop of opposition factions, and their physical and ideological influence on Islamist forces that frequently facilitated displacement within and outside the city

Les carcinomes adénoïdes kystiques de la parotide a propos de 3 cas

Les carcinomes adénoïdes kystiques (CAK) représentent 2 à 4% des tumeurs de la parotide et 12% des tumeurs malignes. Ce sont des tumeurs à croissance lente qui sont caractérisées par leur capacité à infiltrer les gaines nerveuses. Les auteurs rapportent trois cas de CAK de la glande parotide diagnostiqués et traités entre l’année 2000 et 2007. Il s’agissait de 2 hommes et une femme qui ont consulté devant l’apparition d’une tuméfaction de la loge parotidienne associée à une paralysie faciale dans un cas. Les aires ganglionnaires étaient libres. Tous les patients ont bénéficié d’une exploration comportant une échographie, une TDM dans un cas et une IRM chez un patient. Le traitement a consisté en une parotidectomie totale associée à un curage ganglionnaire dans tous les cas et à une radiothérapie complémentaire. L’évolution a été favorable dans deux cas. Le carcinome adénoïde kystique de la parotide est une tumeur rare, caractérisée par une évolution très lente, une agressivité locale, un caractère fortement récidivant localement et un haut pouvoir métastatique à distance.Mots-clés : Carcinome adénoïde kystique, glande parotide, chirurgie, radiothérapie