脳神経・内分泌学からみた運動と食欲の関係

Appetite is a key factor for adjustment or disruption of energy balance（EB） in modern society. Contrary to expectation, energy expenditure（EE） caused by exercise does not increase the feeling of hunger or subsequent energy intake（EI）, resulting in negative EB. The gut hormone family, known to play important roles in appetite regulation, is divided into 2 categories; orexigenic ghrelin and anorexigenic hormones, such as glucagon-like peptide-1（GLP-1） and peptide YY （PYY）, all of which are released from the gastrointestinal tract in response to nutritional conditions. Recent findings have suggested that both single bouts of exercise and repeated habitual exercise modify the plasma levels of gut hormones related to appetite decrease. Appetite is regulated not only by the hypothalamus and brainstem, which receive neural and humoral signals arising peripherally from gastrointestinal organs and adipose tissues, such as the vagal nerves, leptin, and gut hormones, but also by higher brain centers, in which sensory, reward, and cognitive factors are involved. Most importantly, appetitive motivation generates real action, resulting in individual eating behavior. This review aims to highlight changes in appetite and EI caused by various types of exercise, the physiological characteristics and actions of various gut hormone family members, as well as the association of exercise with blood kinetics of the gut hormone family and its relevance in regulation of appetite and EB. In addition, future perspectives regarding this field of research are discussed

Willingness to accept novel H1N1 influenza A vaccine by Japanese athletic and non-athletic students in 2009

We gave questionnares to 503 female students （326 athletes, 177 non athletes） regarding their willingness to receive novel influenza A（ H1N1） vaccine. A chi-squared test was used to examine the characteristics between athletic and non-athletic students based on their answers. A total of 261 students （51.9%） answered that they did not want to receive the vaccine, while willingness to accept the vaccine was significantly greater among non-athletic（ 56.5%） as compared to athletic （43.6%） students. That finding might have been due the necessities of vaccitinization for other viruses such as rubella and measles, causing them miss taking an important examination to acquire a registered dietitian certificate. Consciousness of accepting other viral vaccines might be related to acceptance of receiving the novel influenza A（ H1N1） vaccine. In addition, our results suggest that non-athletic students have a higher level of consciousness of being willing to receive both the new influenza A（ H1N1） vaccine and seasonal influenza vaccine. The athletic students in our study showed a higher level of willingness to receive the seasonal influenza vaccine, which may contribute to preventing seasonal influenza from spreading among athletes. Individuals not willing to receive the novel influenza A（ H1N1） vaccine should clearly understand that they do not have substantial cross tolerance from receiving the seasonal influenza vaccination. Students in both groups showed a favorable attitude in 2009 for the H1N1 vaccination, though further study is needed

Superoxide Production by the Red Tide-Producing Chattonella marina Complex (Raphidophyceae) Correlates with Toxicity to Aquacultured Fishes

The marine raphidophyte Chattonella marina complex forms red tides, causing heavy mortalities of aquacultured fishes in temperate coastal waters worldwide. The mechanism for Chattonella fish mortality remains unresolved. Although several toxic chemicals have been proposed as responsible for fish mortality, the cause is still unclear. In this study, we performed toxicity bioassays with red sea bream and yellowtail. We also measured biological parameters potentially related to ichthyotoxicity, such as cell size, superoxide (O2•−) production, and compositions of fatty acids and sugars, in up to eight Chattonella strains to investigate possible correlations with toxicity. There were significant differences in moribundity rates of fish and in all biological parameters among strains. One strain displayed no ichthyotoxicity even at high cell densities. Strains were categorized into three groups based on cell length, but this classification did not significantly correlate with ichthyotoxicity. O2•− production differed by a factor of more than 13 between strains at the late exponential growth phase. O2•− production was significantly correlated with ichthyotoxicity. Differences in fatty acid and sugar contents were not related to ichthyotoxicity. Our study supports the hypothesis that superoxide can directly or indirectly play an important role in the Chattonella-related mortality of aquacultured fishes

Glass-patternable notch-shaped microwave architecture for on-chip spin detection in biological samples

We report a notch-shaped coplanar microwave waveguide antenna on a glass plate designed for on-chip detection of optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) of fluorescent nanodiamonds (NDs). A lithographically patterned thin wire at the center of the notch area in the coplanar waveguide realizes a millimeter-scale ODMR detection area (1.5 x 2.0 mm^2) and gigahertz-broadband characteristics with low reflection (about 8%). The ODMR signal intensity in the detection area is quantitatively predictable by numerical simulation. Using this chip device, we demonstrate a uniform ODMR signal intensity over the detection area for cells, tissue, and worms. The present demonstration of a chip-based microwave architecture will enable scalable chip integration of ODMR-based quantum sensing technology into various bioassay platforms