Ionesco et Beckett : Transgression de la représentation scénique et tragédie du langage

Résumé  : En raison de son architecture scénique mouvante et en perpétuelle métamorphose et à défaut d’une unité spatiale et temporelle bien déterminée, le lecteur-spectateur trouve du mal à qualifier les représentations théâtrales d’Eugène Ionesco et de Samuel Beckett de « spectacle » du moment où le fil d’Ariane que l’on peut suivre pour pénétrer dans le monde de leurs pièces est quasi-absent. Ionesco et Beckett nous proposent alors une autre lecture d’ordre purement esthétique afin de trouver à leurs pièces des éléments d’équilibre et de cohésion. En effet, malgré l’opacité du langage, Ionesco et Beckett opposent la cohésion théâtrale dont ils rêvent à la cohérence traditionnelle calculée et logique. Leur penchant pour le théâtre se justifie par le fait qu’ils donnent libre cours aux contradictions et aux incohérences typiques de la pensée humaine. Ionesco à l’instar de Beckett estime qu’avec une suite de scènes, de situations et d’énoncés véhiculant des idées incohérentes, on pourrait parvenir à un spectacle qui réponde peu ou prou à une certaine unité esthétique. En cultivant le paradoxe, en détruisant l’unité, la continuité et la stabilité des personnages, tissus de contradictions, les deux dramaturges du théâtre de l’avant-garde entendent créer un antipersonnage. Ils abolissent le temps théâtral et ne conservent que quelques séquences à peine reliées spatialement. De ce fait, la nouvelle théâtralité nait en dehors même des cadres ordinaires et normaux du théâtre. Les discours théâtraux de nos deux dramaturges est fondé sur le principe de contradiction. Les ruptures informationnelles sont dues à l’incohérence des échanges verbaux entre les personnages. Les règles de la sémiotique traditionnelle sont donc inopérantes dans la détermination du sens et l’élaboration des stratégies interprétatives conversationnelles. En effet, tout processus inférentiel est enrayé à cause de la non-satisfaction des contraintes d’enchainement inter et intra-intervention et des échanges interactionnels aberrants extra et intra-scéniques. Mots-clés : Transgression; scène; représentation; langage; théâtr

Numerical Analysis of the Crack Growth Path in the Cement of Hip Spacers

The use of temporary hip prosthesis made of orthopedic cement (spacer) in conjunction with antibiotics became a prevalent method used for prosthetic infections remedy; consequently, this method makes bone cement (PMMA) more fragile. Hence, the necessity of reinforcement incorporation is crucial to strengthen the bone cement. In this study, the finite element (FE) method was used to analyze the spacers behavior. FE model using an implicit integration method was used to simulate the mechanical behavior of the spacer under static loading. In addition, the extended finite element method (XFEM) was also used to investigate the fracture behavior of the non-reinforced and reinforced spacers. The results of this numerical analysis showed that the simulated crack initiation and propagation were in a good accordance with in vivo radiography and in vitro experimental observations. The full-stem reinforcement of 8 mm using reduce significantly the stress intensity factor and, consequently prevent the spacer fracture effectively. The FE models developed in this study contribute to help mechanical designers and engineers for prostheses’ quality and durability improvement. Abstract must be 200 words maximum, without figures or refs.             &nbsp

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

L’énonciation du temps dans l’œuvre narrative de Samuel Beckett

Énoncés-titres et incipits, lieux liminaires de l’énonciation du temps Les énoncés-titres et le temps connoté ou inféré Dans l’œuvre narrative de Samuel Beckett, cet auteur atypique, la problématique du temps est, non seulement, nodale mais davantage encore, elle est liminaire ; son énonciation s’opère au seuil même du texte, précisément, au niveau du titre et de l’incipit. Même si aucun des énoncés-titres n’intègre le lexème générique : temps, il n’en reste pas moins que, d’un point de vue é..

La place de l’oral en licence de français dans l’enseignement supérieur tunisien

En Tunisie, former les étudiants en licence de français à communiquer à l’oral est une exigence, compte tenu du rôle primordial de l’oral dans le contexte actuel. À cette fin, il a fallu se débarrasser des contraintes de l’enseignement-apprentissage académique, pour doter les étudiants des moyens appropriés linguistiques, rhétoriques, pragmatiques et culturels, leur permettant de pratiquer l’oral dans des contextes variés. La formation des étudiants à communiquer à l’oral passe par un apprentissage structuré et cohérent, par l’observation de discours oraux de type et de genre variés, pris en charge par des locuteurs de statuts divers. C’est la libération de la parole qui a permis aux jeunes Tunisiens de faire usage de variétés de français vernaculaires.In Tunisia, equipping students studying for a French degree to communicate orally is a requirement, given the key role of the spoken word in the current context. To this end, it was necessary to get rid of the constraints of academic teaching-learning in order to provide students with appropriate linguistic, rhetorical, pragmatic and cultural means, enabling them to exercise their spoken skills in various contexts. Training students to communicate orally involves structured and coherent learning, including the observation of various types and genres of oral speech, by speakers from a range of statuses. This freeing of speech has enabled young Tunisians to avail themselves of varieties of vernacular French.En Túnez, formar a los estudiantes en licenciatura de francés para que comuniquen oralmente es una exigencia, teniendo en cuento el papel primordial de lo oral en el contexto actual. Con este fin, ha sido necesario deshacerse de los límites de la enseñanza-aprendizaje académica, para dotar a los estudiantes de los apropiados medios lingüísticos, retóricos, pragmáticos y culturales, permitiéndoles así practicar lo oral en unos contextos variados. La formación de los estudiantes para comunicar oralmente pasa por un aprendizaje estructurado y coherente, por la observación de discursos orales de tipo y de género variados, asumidos por unos locutores de estatutos muy variados. Es la liberación de la palabra la que les ha permitido a los jóvenes tunecinos que hagan uso de variedades de francés vernaculares

Speech genres as an input to teach French as a foreign language

International audienceTeaching a foreign language means enabling students to interpret and produce texts. The basic unit of communication is text, regardless of its physical size. Teaching French as a foreign language is traditionally based on literary texts. However, the approach recommended by the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages favours the texts which are used in the current communication. This article raises the issue of didactic modeling of texts and discourses circulating in the circumstances of the daily exchange

Adsorption studies of an azo dye using polyaniline coated calcined layered double hydroxides

International audienceIn this study, novel composite polyaniline/calcined layered double hydroxides was synthesized through the chemical method using the ammonium persulfate as an oxidant and investigated for its behavior in selective and high adsorption of tartrazine dye from an aqueous solution in a batch system. Scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method and thermogravimetric analysis were carried out. The effects of solution pH, initial concentration and contact time were investigated. The adsorption processes show that the max-imum adsorption capacity of tartrazine was 487.8 mg/g, obtained for the MgAlC-PANI composite and well fitted to Langmuir isotherm model. The adsorption processes followed the pseudo-second-order kinetics model with a very high correlation coefficient of 0.998 < R2 < 1. The regeneration studies revealed that the tartrazine loaded MgAlC-PANI could be reused for four consecutive cycles