The Simultaneous Effect of Apical Resection Angle and Depth of Retrograde Cavity on Apical Microleakage via Fluid Filtration Method

Introduction: The goal of apical surgery is to eliminate the root apex, apical lesions and promote tissue repair. In apical surgery, the root is resected at an angle of 45, 60 or 90 degree. In many cases, it is not possible to resect the root at 90-degree bevel and prepare a root-end cavity with 4-mm depth. The aim of this study was to evaluate the simultaneous effect of apical resection angle and depth of the retrograde filling with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) on apical microleakage. Methods and Materials: Root ends were resected at 45 degree, 60 degree and 90 degree bevels in 110 extracted human single root permanent teeth. For each apical surgery, root-end cavities were filled with MTA to depths of 2 mm, 3 mm and 4 mm. Root end-filled teeth were mounted in fluid filtration device. The evaluation was conducted after 24-h, 1 week, 1 month, 2 months and 3 months. Each group included 10 samples. Also 20 roots were used as positive and negative control samples, in the negatives the entire root surface was coated with 2 layers of nail varnish and positives were unfilled root-end preparation. Statistical analysis consisted of the Kruskal-Wallis test and Pairwise comparison. Results: There were no significant differences in apical microleakage after 24 h and 1 week in the experimental groups. In the 3rd month, samples with 90° bevel and 4-mm-thick MTA showed significant statistical differences with all samples with 45° and 60° bevels and depths of 2- and 3-mm-thick MTA (P<0.05). Conclusions: This in vitro study showed that when the resection angle is 90°, retrograde depth does not affect microleakage, but resection angles other than 90°, require 4 mm-retrograde depth to be sealed.Keyword: Microleakage; Mineral Trioxide Aggregate; Retrograde Obturation; Root Resectio

Mode of delivery and risk of asthma in children 5-14 years old in Tabriz, Iran

Introduction: It has been suggested that a cesarean section increases risk of developing asthma due to lack of exposure to maternal microflora during birth. To investigate the association between the mode of delivery and the risk of asthma in children aged 5-14 years in Tabriz, Iran. Methods: A case-control study was performed on 233 (case = 81, control = 152) children aged 5-14 years referred to outpatient clinics of Tabriz Children’s Hospital and Sheikhorrais Clinic in 2014. Clinical asthma diagnosis was done according to Global Initiative for Asthma Criteria. A questionnaire was administered to obtain a demographic, environmental, and clinical history. Age-sex frequency matching with cases was carried out during sampling for controlling of possible cofounding effects of age and sex for asthma. Results: Of 233 children, 53.6% of them were male (case group = 54.3% and control group = 53.3%). Over half (54.5%), the participants had been delivered by caesarian section. Cases were not significantly more likely to have been delivered by caesarian section as compared to controls [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.69; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.34-1.42]. However, more frequent episodes of common cold [b = 0.094; standard error (SE) (b) = 0.031, P \u3c 0.001], birth order (second born children compared to firstborns) (AOR = 2.54; 95% CI = 1.18-5.46), high maternal education levels: 12 years (AOR = 3.76; 95% CI = 1.10-12.9), collegiate (AOR = 6.12; 95% CI = 1.43-26.20), and intra-family marriage (AOR = 2.89; 95% CI = 1.21-6.89) were associated with childhood asthma. Conclusion: Delivery mode was not associated with risk of developing childhood asthma in our study. Intra-family marriage increased the odds of childhood asthma. Further study on the relationship between maternal education and the odds of asthma is proposed

The Role of Age, Period, and Cohort Effects on Smoking among the Students of Tehran University of Medical Science

The aim of the study is to determine age, period, and cohort effects on trends in student’s cigarette smoking in Tehran University of medical science from 2006 to 2009. We analyzed data from subjects aged 18 to 23 years from Aids Researches Center with Cooperation Environment Researches Center and Accessory collegian. Intrinsic Estimator was used for analysis, that is a new method for resolving linear dependency between age, period, and cohort in linear regression models. In the present study, age effects exhibited increased for both sexes. Also, aging proportion of smoking increased. For both sexes log coefficients were negative at young ages. Period effects for females showed declines but for males there was no significant difference. Cohort effects for females were small and gradual declines were shown for male cohorts. Proportion of smoking at young cohorts was less than old cohorts and log coefficients were negative.There was an increasing trend on age effect .Although a reduction period effect was observed from 2006 to 2009 in females that can be due to utilizing smoking policies in previous years but such a trend was not showed for males. Cohort effect was observed for males and smoking proportion at young cohorts was less than old cohorts

Patterns of Self-Medication and Drug Storage: A Global Meta-Analysis: Self-medication and drug storage: a global meta-analysis

Self-medication, a universal public health issue, is an increasingly common concern. A meta-analysis of global self-medication patterns will be worthwhile for a comprehensive yet comparative consideration of the burden and related problems and planning for macro-health interventions and policies. This study aimed to determine the patterns of self-medication and drug storage behavior globally in various subgroups and its related factors. A systematic search detected relevant studies (1995 to 2018) in the English databases. The related observational study was concluded in this study. Studies that examined self-medication and drug storage at home in the general population were entered into the study. The pooled proportion and odds ratio of self-medication and drug storage at home were calculated by STATA -14. Of 25’225 titles found, 95 studies were included in the final analysis. The pooled prevalence of self-medication was calculated at 54.0% ±4.0% (60% for over-the-counter (OTC) drugs and 43.0% for prescription-only medicines (POM) drugs). The pooled prevalence of drug storage at home was estimated to be 53.0% (CI 95%: 36.0, 70.0). The proportion of self-medication and drug storage at home in continents was: Africa 64.0% and 39.0%, Asia 58.0% and 64.0%, Europe 39.0% (both), and America 32.0% and 8.0%, respectively. African countries had the highest consumers of POM drugs as well as antibiotics. Pharmacists provided the most information about drugs in African studies. The adjusted odds ratio of self-medication was higher in females with higher education status in European and African countries. The prevalence of self-medication for POM drugs was noteworthy, especially in Asian and African countries. Comprehensive education for pharmacists must be accomplished. Also, increasing drug information is critical for women who usually manage family health in households

Effect of Respiratory Rehabilitation before Open Cardiac Surgery on Respiratory Function: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Introduction: Prevention of pulmonary complications after coronary artery bypass graft is attended as a very important issue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of pulmonary rehabilitation before surgery for reducing the risk of pulmonary complications after surgery. Methods: In a randomized clinical trial, 60 patients undergoing heart surgery were randomly divided into two groups A and B. Chest physiotherapy was performed before and after surgery on group A patients however it was done on group B’s, only after surgery. Effects of preoperative pulmonary rehabilitation were compared between two groups, using spirometry and arterial blood gas (ABG). Results: Thirty nine males (65%) and 21 females (35%) with mean age of 8.10 ± 9.56 were analyzed.The mean differences were statistically significant for predicted forced vital capacity (FVC) (CI95%:1.3 to 8.7) and Predicted Peak Flow indices (PEF) (CI 95%: 1.9 to 9.4) of spirometry indicator,PCO2 index (of ABG parameter) (CI 95%: 1.4 to 8.9) and mean oxygen saturation (mean Spo2) (CI 95%: 0.6 to 1.7) of ABG index in two groups. Conclusion: The performance of pulmonary rehabilitation program before surgery is recommended, as it may result in the reduction of complications of heart surgery

Trend of tuberculosis cases under directly observed treatment, short-course strategy in Tabriz, Iran, from 2001 to 2011

Introduction: The universal target under the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) is to reduce the worldwide burden of tuberculosis (TB) 2015, and we wanted to evaluate development in TB control by assessment of the time trend in incidence and death rate in Tabriz, Iran. Methods: This was a retrospective trend analysis of the data have been recorded in East Azerbaijan State TB center during 10 years. Data were related to patients have been registered for treatment under the directly observed treatment, short-course (DOTS) strategy from 2001 to 2011. Results: In total, 3283 TB patients were treated under DOTS strategy during 2001-2011. Males constituted 55.0% of subjects. The risk was the highest among the productive age group (15-44 years). About 61.0% of cases had pulmonary, and 78.0% of pulmonary TB patients were found to be the sputum smear positive than 46.0% of them were new sputum smear positive, and 2.0% of them were relapse. On average, for sputum smear positive, TB cases from 2005 to 2011; the treatment success rate was 87.3%; the cure rate was 80.2%; the treatment failure rate was 0.5% and death rate was 10.3%. In general, the TB incidence rate for all TB cases was decreased from 11.9-8.1 a 100000 population and the smear-positive pulmonary TB incidence rate were decreased from 4.7 to 4.1 a 100000 population in eastern Azerbaijan province during 2001-2011. Conclusion: In general, we had a decrease in the incidence rate for all of TB cases. In addition, we had a fall in cure rate and had an increase in drug side effects rate in this year that can be because of elevated old people ratio and high death rate by other indirect causes and lack of regular visits and medications taking according to the treatment protocol