Studies on Hall Effect and DC Conductivity Measurements of Semiconductor Thin films Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD) method

Semiconductors have various useful properties that can be exploited for the realization of a large number of high performance devices in fields such as electronics and optoelectronics. Many novel semiconductors, especially in the form of thin films, are continually being developed. Thin films have drawn the attention of many researchers because of their numerous applications. As the film becomes thinner, the properties acquire greater importance in the miniaturization of elements such as resistors, transistors, capacitors, and solar cells. In the present work, copper selenide (CuSe), cadmium selenide (CdSe), zinc selenide (ZnSe), lead sulphide (PbS), zinc sulphide (ZnS), and cadmium sulphide (CdS) thin films were prepared by chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. The prepared thin films were analyzed by using Hall measurements in Van Der Pauw configuration (ECOPIA HMS-3000) at room temperature. The Hall parameters such as Hall mobility of the material, resistivity, carrier concentration, Hall coefficient and conductivity were determined. The DC electrical conductivity measurements were also carried out for the thin films using the conventional two – probe technique. The activation energies were also calculated from DC conductivity studies

Studies on Hall Effect and DC Conductivity Measurements of Semiconductor Thin films Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD) method

Semiconductors have various useful properties that can be exploited for the realization of a large number of high performance devices in fields such as electronics and optoelectronics. Many novel semiconductors, especially in the form of thin films, are continually being developed. Thin films have drawn the attention of many researchers because of their numerous applications. As the film becomes thinner, the properties acquire greater importance in the miniaturization of elements such as resistors, transistors, capacitors, and solar cells. In the present work, copper selenide (CuSe), cadmium selenide (CdSe), zinc selenide (ZnSe), lead sulphide (PbS), zinc sulphide (ZnS), and cadmium sulphide (CdS) thin films were prepared by chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. The prepared thin films were analyzed by using Hall measurements in Van Der Pauw configuration (ECOPIA HMS-3000) at room temperature. The Hall parameters such as Hall mobility of the material, resistivity, carrier concentration, Hall coefficient and conductivity were determined. The DC electrical conductivity measurements were also carried out for the thin films using the conventional two – probe technique. The activation energies were also calculated from DC conductivity studies

ZrO2-based catalysts for biodiesel production: A review

ZrO2-based catalysts are remarkable catalyst with unique advantageous in transesterification and esterification for biodiesel production. Various modifications have been conducted refer to a specified surface properties consist of surface acidity/basicity, specific surface area and porosity, hydrophobicity, and catalysts stability. Summary on the basic concept on catalyst synthesis, applicability for various feedstocks along with their reus�ability aspect in biodiesel production are discussed in this review. Even though the activity of the catalyst is depending on many factors including the oil feedstocks, reaction temperature, molar ratio of oil to methanol, and other conditions, the controllable surface properties of catalyst is a benefit of ZrO2-based catalysts. The recy�clability and reusability of the catalyst become important aspect for developing a sustainable biodiesel pro�duction in the perspective of green chemistry. In addition, future perspective to make sure the applicability of the catalyst for a sustainable process by life cycle assessment is highlighted in this review

Silver Nanoparticles in Various New Applications

The use of silver in antimicrobial management is very ancient. Silver-based materials have proven interesting, practical, and promising for various applications. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been one of the nanostructures most studied and investigated over the past several years. AgNPs have greater specific properties depending on their size and form. These noble synthesised metrics have numerous optical, electrical, catalytic, and optical characteristics. These properties are ideal for many fields, depending on their size and shape. The outbreak of multiple infectious diseases has been a major strain on global economies and the public health sector. Extensive treatments have been suggested for disease control in environments containing infectious diseases through advanced disinfectant nanomaterials. This chapter investigates the application and mechanism of silver nanoparticles in certain nanobiotechnology sectors as a useful nanomaterial. In the sense of the market statistical survey research, AgNPs are emerging as one of the fastest developing product groups in the nanotechnology industry, providing a wide variety of nanosilver products in various applications. Lastly, due to the massive use of AgNPs in products recently, there are many concerns about AgNPs toxicity and safety had also been discussed

Drug delivery and antimicrobial studies of chitosan-alginate based hydroxyapatite bioscaffolds formed by the Casein micelle assisted synthesis

The present study aims to develop a hydroxyapatite (HAP) based scaffold composite for orthopaedic applications and for that, we adopt a Casein (Cs) micelle assisted synthesis route for the formation of a composite. Following the synthesis and characterization of various fluorine (2% and 5%) substituted HAPs (FHAP), they have been tested for the release of Ciprofloxacin (CIP) drug and antimicrobial efficacy. The physicochemical characterization such as FTIR and Raman confirms the successful formation of the HAP composites. Similarly, the powder XRD and FESEM analysis have used for the confirmation of crystallinity and morphological behaviour, respectively. The elemental composition has confirmed using EDX analysis. The antimicrobial studies indicate that the 5% FHAP sample is possessing superior antifungal and antibacterial activities and the highest activity has been observed against the gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) with an inhibition zone of 47 mm while the gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) has only 38 mm inhibition zone. The CIP drug release profile has been controlling with the Cs/5% FHAP sample. Therefore, this composite has carried out for the scaffold formation with the use of chitosan-alginate matrices. Further, characterization of chitosan-alginate/5% FHAP scaffold composite indicates porous, biodegradable, considerable water uptake and retention ability, along with the maintenance of controlled CIP drug-releasing properties. Based on the analysis, the as-synthesized chitosan-alginate/5% FHAP scaffold composite can be suitable for the biomedical and bioengineering applications of bone tissue growth and as an implant

Pyrolysis: A Sustainable Way to Generate Energy from Waste

Lignocellulosic biomass is a potentially more valuable renewable resource that can be utilized effusively as a chief source of heat for cooking and can correspondingly subsidize the production of electricity, heat, biofuels and chemicals including solid fuel like char or carbon. Lignocellulosic residues are mixed and burnt with coal to generate electricity. Presently, crude oil is replaced by bioethanol and biodiesel produced from biomass substrate. Some special class of chemicals can be derived from biomass that can subsequently replace the usage of non‐renewable resources of oil and coal. Pyrolysis of woody biomass to obtain pyroliginous acid was started hundreds of years ago, which has versatile applications. The range of products that can be derived from biomass is huge, prompting extent of research using different types of thermal conversion technologies, including pyrolysis, gasification, torrefaction, anaerobic digestion and hydrothermal processing. This chapter provides insights about the stages of reaction during pyrolysis and the outcome of reaction conditions on the products. Technical development and adjustment of process condition can offer a suitable environmentally benign scheme to increase the energy density of the lignocellulosic residues