Тема русского патриотизма на занятиях по литературе в иностранной аудитории

The article reviews the sources of the modern Russian patriotism and retraces the stages of its forming in Russian literature according to historical, political and social events of the first half of the XIXth century. The authors of the article accentuate the patriotic theme in literary works by A. Pushkin, M. Lermontov, N. Gogol, and analyse some texts of these writers. Topicality of these article’s theme is dictated with erroneous understanding the causes of the Russian victories in the Patriotic war of 1812 and the Great Patriotic War by foreign students.В статье рассматриваются истоки современного русского патриотизма, прослеживаются этапы его формирования в русской литературе, связанные с историческими, политическими и общественными событиями первой половины XIX в. Акценты делаются на патриотической тематике в произведениях А.С. Пушкина, М.Ю. Лермонтова, Н.В. Гоголя, предлагается анализ отдельных произведений этих писателей. Авторы статьи рассматривают вклад каждого из этих классиков в формирование русского патриотизма. У Пушкина выделяются два основных аспекта: мотивы гордости за победу в Отечественной войне 1812 г. и идеи и настроения, созвучные декабризму. В лермонтовском понимании патриотизма подчеркивается разделение понятий «родина» и «государство», продиктованное эпохой реакции после восстания декабристов. Сложность и противоречивость процесса формирования русского патриотизма показаны на отношении к официальной формуле патриотизма постдекабристского периода двух писателей - Лермонтова и Гоголя. Вклад Гоголя в понятие русского патриотизма определяется прежде всего сатирическим началом его творчества - беспощадная критика пороков общества вызвана страстным желанием писателя избавиться от них, сделать общество совершеннее. Понимание русского па

Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Progression as Surrogate Marker for Cardiovascular Risk Meta-Analysis of 119 Clinical Trials Involving 100 667 Patients

Background: To quantify the association between effects of interventions on carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) progression and their effects on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Methods: We systematically collated data from randomized, controlled trials. cIMT was assessed as the mean value at the common-carotid-artery; if unavailable, the maximum value at the common-carotid-artery or other cIMT measures were used. The primary outcome was a combined CVD end point defined as myocardial infarction, stroke, revascularization procedures, or fatal CVD. We estimated intervention effects on cIMT progression and incident CVD for each trial, before relating the 2 using a Bayesian meta-regression approach. Results: We analyzed data of 119 randomized, controlled trials involving 100 667 patients (mean age 62 years, 42% female). Over an average follow-up of 3.7 years, 12 038 patients developed the combined CVD end point. Across all interventions, each 10 μm/y reduction of cIMT progression resulted in a relative risk for CVD of 0.91 (95% Credible Interval, 0.87–0.94), with an additional relative risk for CVD of 0.92 (0.87–0.97) being achieved independent of cIMT progression. Taken together, we estimated that interventions reducing cIMT progression by 10, 20, 30, or 40 μm/y would yield relative risks of 0.84 (0.75–0.93), 0.76 (0.67–0.85), 0.69 (0.59–0.79), or 0.63 (0.52–0.74), respectively. Results were similar when grouping trials by type of intervention, time of conduct, time to ultrasound follow-up, availability of individual-participant data, primary versus secondary prevention trials, type of cIMT measurement, and proportion of female patients. Conclusions: The extent of intervention effects on cIMT progression predicted the degree of CVD risk reduction. This provides a missing link supporting the usefulness of cIMT progression as a surrogate marker for CVD risk in clinical trials

Тема русского патриотизма на занятиях по литературе в иностранной аудитории

The article reviews the sources of the modern Russian patriotism and retraces the stages of its forming in Russian literature according to historical, political and social events of the first half of the XIXth century. The authors of the article accentuate the patriotic theme in literary works by A. Pushkin, M. Lermontov, N. Gogol, and analyse some texts of these writers. Topicality of these article’s theme is dictated with erroneous understanding the causes of the Russian victories in the Patriotic war of 1812 and the Great Patriotic War by foreign students.В статье рассматриваются истоки современного русского патриотизма, прослеживаются этапы его формирования в русской литературе, связанные с историческими, политическими и общественными событиями первой половины XIX в. Акценты делаются на патриотической тематике в произведениях А.С. Пушкина, М.Ю. Лермонтова, Н.В. Гоголя, предлагается анализ отдельных произведений этих писателей. Авторы статьи рассматривают вклад каждого из этих классиков в формирование русского патриотизма. У Пушкина выделяются два основных аспекта: мотивы гордости за победу в Отечественной войне 1812 г. и идеи и настроения, созвучные декабризму. В лермонтовском понимании патриотизма подчеркивается разделение понятий «родина» и «государство», продиктованное эпохой реакции после восстания декабристов. Сложность и противоречивость процесса формирования русского патриотизма показаны на отношении к официальной формуле патриотизма постдекабристского периода двух писателей - Лермонтова и Гоголя. Вклад Гоголя в понятие русского патриотизма определяется прежде всего сатирическим началом его творчества - беспощадная критика пороков общества вызвана страстным желанием писателя избавиться от них, сделать общество совершеннее. Понимание русского па

Ультразвуковое исследование легких: методика выполнения и перспективы в диагностике нозокомиальной пневмонии

Recently the role of ultrasound examination in detection of pathological processes in lungs including pneumonia has been widely discussed. The article describes the procedure, advantages and limitations of pulmonary ultrasound. The review of clinical studies evaluating lung ultrasound in patients with pneumonia is provided. The article contains the results of our prospective pilot study on the role pulmonary ultrasound for the diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia in adults in multidisciplinary hospital.В последнее время широко обсуждается диагностическая информативность ультразвукового исследования (УЗИ) для выявления патологических процессов в легких, в том числе пневмонии. В статье описана методика проведения УЗИ легких, преимущества и ограничения этого метода визуализации, выполнен обзор клинических исследований по оценке УЗИ легких у пациентов с пневмонией. Приведены результаты собственного проспективного пилотного исследования УЗИ легких в диагностике нозокомиальной пневмонии у взрослых в многопрофильном стационаре

Ultrasound of the lungs in the diagnosis of pneumonia in a multispeciality hospital: Results of a prospective study [УЛЬТРАзВУКОВОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ЛЕГКИх В ДИАГНОСТИКЕ ПНЕВМОНИИ В МНОГОПРОФИЛЬНОМ СТАЦИОНАРЕ: РЕзУЛЬТАТЫ ПРОСПЕКТИВНОГО ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ]

The results of studying the possibility of lung ultrasound in the diagnosis of nosocomial or community-acquired pneumonia, including those with concomitant chronic heart failure, in comparison with CT and/or chest X-ray data are presented. In patients with nosocomial pneumonia, ultrasound signs corresponding to pneumonia were detected in 80.6 % of cases, according to radiography - in 48.4 %. The structure of changes was represented by the following ultrasound profiles: C 55 %, PLAPS 20 %, A/B 20 %, B' 5 %. Community-acquired pneumonia was confirmed by lung ultrasound in 92.9 % of cases. The following ultrasound profiles were identified: PLAPS 87 %, a combination of PLAPS and A/B - 13 %. In patients with chronic heart failure with verified pneumonia, the frequency of ultrasound profiles and their combinations was: PLAPS+B 67 %, PLAPS 12 %, B' 3 %, B 8 %, PLAPS+B' 10 %. The sensitivity and specificity of lung ultrasound in the diagnosis of pneumonia against the background of concomitant heart disease was 96.8 % and 80 %, respectively. Data from the study show that lung ultrasound in the diagnosis of pneumonia is highly sensitive, and in people with chronic heart failure, as well as high specificity, is superior to radiography. © 2020 Stavropol State Medical University. All rights reserved

Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Progression as Surrogate Marker for Cardiovascular Risk Meta-Analysis of 119 Clinical Trials Involving 100 667 Patients

Background: To quantify the association between effects of interventions on carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) progression and their effects on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Methods: We systematically collated data from randomized, controlled trials. cIMT was assessed as the mean value at the common-carotid-artery; if unavailable, the maximum value at the common-carotid-artery or other cIMT measures were used. The primary outcome was a combined CVD end point defined as myocardial infarction, stroke, revascularization procedures, or fatal CVD. We estimated intervention effects on cIMT progression and incident CVD for each trial, before relating the 2 using a Bayesian meta-regression approach. Results: We analyzed data of 119 randomized, controlled trials involving 100 667 patients (mean age 62 years, 42% female). Over an average follow-up of 3.7 years, 12 038 patients developed the combined CVD end point. Across all interventions, each 10 mu m/y reduction of cIMT progression resulted in a relative risk for CVD of 0.91 (95% Credible Interval, 0.87-0.94), with an additional relative risk for CVD of 0.92 (0.87-0.97) being achieved independent of cIMT progression. Taken together, we estimated that interventions reducing cIMT progression by 10, 20, 30, or 40 mu m/y would yield relative risks of 0.84 (0.75-0.93), 0.76 (0.67-0.85), 0.69 (0.59-0.79), or 0.63 (0.52-0.74), respectively. Results were similar when grouping trials by type of intervention, time of conduct, time to ultrasound follow-up, availability of individual-participant data, primary versus secondary prevention trials, type of cIMT measurement, and proportion of female patients. Conclusions: The extent of intervention effects on cIMT progression predicted the degree of CVD risk reduction. This provides a missing link supporting the usefulness of cIMT progression as a surrogate marker for CVD risk in clinical trials.Thrombosis and Hemostasi

Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Progression as Surrogate Marker for Cardiovascular Risk: Meta-Analysis of 119 Clinical Trials Involving 100 667 Patients

Background: To quantify the association between effects of interventions on carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) progression and their effects on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Methods: We systematically collated data from randomized, controlled trials. cIMT was assessed as the mean value at the common-carotid-artery; if unavailable, the maximum value at the common-carotid-artery or other cIMT measures were used. The primary outcome was a combined CVD end point defined as myocardial infarction, stroke, revascularization procedures, or fatal CVD. We estimated intervention effects on cIMT progression and incident CVD for each trial, before relating the 2 using a Bayesian meta-regression approach. Results: We analyzed data of 119 randomized, controlled trials involving 100 667 patients (mean age 62 years, 42% female). Over an average follow-up of 3.7 years, 12 038 patients developed the combined CVD end point. Across all interventions, each 10 μm/y reduction of cIMT progression resulted in a relative risk for CVD of 0.91 (95% Credible Interval, 0.87-0.94), with an additional relative risk for CVD of 0.92 (0.87-0.97) being achieved independent of cIMT progression. Taken together, we estimated that interventions reducing cIMT progression by 10, 20, 30, or 40 μm/y would yield relative risks of 0.84 (0.75-0.93), 0.76 (0.67-0.85), 0.69 (0.59-0.79), or 0.63 (0.52-0.74), respectively. Results were similar when grouping trials by type of intervention, time of conduct, time to ultrasound follow-up, availability of individual-participant data, primary versus secondary prevention trials, type of cIMT measurement, and proportion of female patients. Conclusions: The extent of intervention effects on cIMT progression predicted the degree of CVD risk reduction. This provides a missing link supporting the usefulness of cIMT progression as a surrogate marker for CVD risk in clinical trials. © 2020 American Heart Association, Inc

Global perspective of familial hypercholesterolaemia: a cross-sectional study from the EAS Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC)

Background The European Atherosclerosis Society Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC) global registry provides a platform for the global surveillance of familial hypercholesterolaemia through harmonisation and pooling of multinational data. In this study, we aimed to characterise the adult population with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia and described how it is detected and managed globally. Methods Using FHSC global registry data, we did a cross-sectional assessment of adults (aged 18 years or older) with a clinical or genetic diagnosis of probable or definite heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia at the time they were entered into the registries. Data were assessed overall and by WHO regions, sex, and index versus non-index cases. Findings Of the 61 612 individuals in the registry, 42 167 adults (21 999 [53·6%] women) from 56 countries were included in the study. Of these, 31 798 (75·4%) were diagnosed with the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network criteria, and 35 490 (84·2%) were from the WHO region of Europe. Median age of participants at entry in the registry was 46·2 years (IQR 34·3–58·0); median age at diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia was 44·4 years (32·5–56·5), with 40·2% of participants younger than 40 years when diagnosed. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors increased progressively with age and varied by WHO region. Prevalence of coronary disease was 17·4% (2·1% for stroke and 5·2% for peripheral artery disease), increasing with concentrations of untreated LDL cholesterol, and was about two times lower in women than in men. Among patients receiving lipid-lowering medications, 16 803 (81·1%) were receiving statins and 3691 (21·2%) were on combination therapy, with greater use of more potent lipid-lowering medication in men than in women. Median LDL cholesterol was 5·43 mmol/L (IQR 4·32–6·72) among patients not taking lipid-lowering medications and 4·23 mmol/L (3·20–5·66) among those taking them. Among patients taking lipid-lowering medications, 2·7% had LDL cholesterol lower than 1·8 mmol/L; the use of combination therapy, particularly with three drugs and with proprotein convertase subtilisin–kexin type 9 inhibitors, was associated with a higher proportion and greater odds of having LDL cholesterol lower than 1·8 mmol/L. Compared with index cases, patients who were non-index cases were younger, with lower LDL cholesterol and lower prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular diseases (all p<0·001). Interpretation Familial hypercholesterolaemia is diagnosed late. Guideline-recommended LDL cholesterol concentrations are infrequently achieved with single-drug therapy. Cardiovascular risk factors and presence of coronary disease were lower among non-index cases, who were diagnosed earlier. Earlier detection and greater use of combination therapies are required to reduce the global burden of familial hypercholesterolaemia. Funding Pfizer, Amgen, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Sanofi–Aventis, Daiichi Sankyo, and Regeneron