1,1′-(9-Octyl-9H-carbazole-3,6-di­yl)diethanone

The central structural element of the title compound, C24H29NO2, is a carbazole unit substituted with two acetyl residues and an octyl chain. The acetyl residues are nearly coplanar [dihedral angles = 5.37 (14) and 1.0 (3)°] with the carbazole unit which is essentially planar (r.m.s. deviation for all non-H atoms = 0.025 Å). The octyl chain adopts an all-trans conformation. The crystal packing is stabilized by C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds

HEALTH RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE AMONG PATIENTS ON HEMODIALYSIS AT A TERTIAR CARE HOSPITAL

OBJECTIVE: To assess health-related quality of life and co-morbidity pattern in hemodialysis patients METHODS: By a non probability purposive sampling procedure, 123 hemodialysis patients from our hemodialysis center in Sir Ganga Ram Hospital Lahore, (Pakistan) were interviewed by resident doctor according to the SF-36 Scales. The means and standard deviations for each of eight scales were calculated, each domain ranges from 0-100, the highest scores indicating better quality of life. Comorbidities like DM, Hypertension ,ischemic heart disease lung disease etc were also recorded. RESULTS: The scores of the eight scales in the hemodialysis patients were 49.92 ±30.90, 38.82 ±41.39, 46.73 ±26.54, 40.52 ± 21.65, 43.98 ±21.82, 49.43 ±27.76, 49.85 ±40.59 and 59.93 ±17.36. Co-morbidities pattern were hypertension in 104(84.6%),DM 59(48%),ischemic heart disease 23(18.7%) and other co morbidities were less common. The scores of most of the scale in the patients with co morbidities were lower as compared to patients without co morbidities. Data obtained was entered by a doctor in SPSS version 20 and was analyzed to compute descriptive statistics of the numerical variables while frequencies and their percentages for categorical variables of the study. CONCLUSION: The results of our study indicate that quality of life was poor among patients on hemodialysis particularly those having co-morbidities. Hypertension and diabetes were major co-morbidities in our study. Quality of life score was lower in female patients than that of male patients. Proper management of co-morbidities can improve quality of life of these patients which will decrease disease morbidity and mortality. This will also provide psychological and financial relief to the suffering families and also be cost effective for hospital authorities in terms of availability of space. Key Words: Hemodialysis, Quality of life,  SF-36 questionnaire

Diagnostic Performance of Breast MRI in the Evaluation of Contralateral Breast in Patients with Diagnosed Breast Cancer

AIMS: The purpose of our study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the evaluation of contralateral breast in patients with diagnosed breast cancer. A secondary objective was to determine accuracy of breast MRI in diagnosing multi-focal and multicentric lesions in the ipsilateral breast.MATERIALS AND Methods: Using a non-probability convenience sampling technique, patients with histopathologically diagnosed breast cancer with MRI of breast performed to exclude additional lesions were included. MRI findings were correlated with histopathology. In addition, follow-up imaging with mammography and ultrasound was also assessed for establishing stability of negative findings and for the detected of benign lesions.Results: Out of 157 MRI breast conducted during the period of 2008 to 2013, 49 were performed for patients with diagnosed breast cancer. The sample comprised of all females with mean age 50.7 ± 11.0 years. The patient follow-up imaging was available for a period of 2-5 years. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of MRI in the detection of multifocal/multicenteric lesions was 85.7%, 88.8%, 60% and 96.6% respectively and for the detection of lesions in the contralateral breast were 100%, 97%, 83.3% and 100% respectively.CONCLUSIONS: Our study highlights the diagnostic performance and the added value of MRI in the detection of multifocal /multicenteric and contralateral malignant lesions. In patients with diagnosed breast cancer having dense breast parenchyma and with infiltrating lobular carcinoma as the index lesion MRI is particularly useful with excellent negative predictive value in the exclusion of additional malignant foci in the ipsilateral and contralateral breasts

Efficiency Test of Forecasts: an illustration for Carbon Emission

World Economies are facing numerous challenges concurrently. Among them one of most pertinent is global warming. Almost all the countries are victims of climate changes. Therefore, several economic mechanisms in environmental policy have been adopted to combat the distasteful impacts of climate change. The implication of environmental policies for clean energy environment in a country can be accessed via several channels. Forecast analysis is one of them, it reveals the forthcoming arrangement. The direction of the forecast trend discloses the current as well as potential outlook, indicating the intensity of policy brunt. The study evaluated the forecast and their accuracy to ensure the performance of forecast. Carbon emission in Gulf countries and their forecast are used as a case study. ARIMA model is used to obtain the forecast. Afterward, to evaluate the forecast performance, the study utilized the different efficiency criterion defined by Nordhaus (1987). By following the several efficiency test study found consistent and efficient forecasts.  These performance tests ascertain the reliability and accuracy of the trend followed by forecasts.  Accurate Forecasts direct better policy formation and management decision with buoyancy. Moreover, earlier policy resolution becomes more lucid

Oil Price Flux and Macroeconomy of Oil Exporters

Oil is an important energy source, embodies the largest commodity market in the world. Global economic performance has been highly correlated with oil price changes. The study considered 10 major oil exporters to measure the effect of oil price changes on their economies considering variables: Oil Prices (OP), Inflation (CPI) , GDP deflator, Lending interest rate (IR), real interest rate (RIR), Official Exchange Rate (EX), and Net domestic credit (LDU).  By applying Johansen Co-integration techniques, long run relationship among variables has been analyzed covering the time period from 1970 to 2019. In order to find the short run relationship, Error Correction Model (ECM) technique is used. Study affirmed that there exist a strong relation among economic variables and oil price fluctuations; however the intensity of relationship displays a variation. Oil prices are associated with GDP deflator and RIR significantly as compared to other variables. Moreover, it can be suggested that each country should observe it own economic strategy in response to price change to reflect on economic policy instead of following some other country trends

Plithogenic Fuzzy Whole Hypersoft Set, Construction of Operators and their Application in Frequency Matrix Multi Attribute Decision Making Technique

In this paper, initially a matrix representation of Plithogenic Hypersoft Set (PHSS) is introduced and then with the help of this matrix some local operators for Plithogenic Fuzzy Hypersoft set (PFHSS) are developed. These local operators are used to generalize PFHSS to Plithogenic Fuzzy Whole Hypersoft set (PFWHSS). The generalized PFWHSS set is hybridization of Fuzzy Hypersoft set (which represent multiattributes and their subattributes as a combined whole membership i.e. case of having an exterior view of the event) and the Plithogenic Fuzzy Hypersoft set (in which multi attributes and their subattributes are represented with individual memberships case of having interior view). Thus, the speciality of PFWHSS is its presentation of an exterior and interior view of a situation simultaneously. Later, the PFWHSS is employed in development of multi attributes decision making scheme named as Frequency Matrix Multi Attributes Decision making scheme (FMMADMS). This innovative technique is not only simpler than any of the former MADM techniques, but also has a unique capability of dealing mathematically a variety of human mind psychologies at every level that are working in different environments (fuzzy, intuitionistic, neutrosophic, plithogenic). Besides, FMMADMS also provides the percentage authenticity of the final ranking which in itself is a new idea providing a transparent and unbiased ranking. Moreover, the new introduced idea of frequency matrix handles the ranking ties in the best possible way and has an ability to provide the authenticity comparative analysis of previously developed schemes. Lastly, application of this FMMADMS is described as a numerical example for a case of ranking and selecting the best alternative

2-Azido-1-(4-methyl­phen­yl)ethanone

In the mol­ecule of the title compound, C9H9N3O, the angle formed by the least-squares line through the azide group with the normal to the plane of the benzene plane ring is 46.62 (16)°. The crystal structure features C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, which link the mol­ecules into zigzag chains running parallel to [010]

(Biphenyl-4-yl)(phen­yl)methanone

In the title compound, C19H14O, the dihedral angle between the two aromatic rings of the biphenyl residue is 8.0 (3)° and the dihedral angle between the two rings connected by the carbonyl C atom is 51.74 (18)°. There are no short C—H⋯O contacts in the crystal structure

Assessment of Combined Oral Contraceptive Pill Side Effects among Women Attending Maternal Child Health Centers in Erbil

الغرض: لا توجد دراسات لاستكشاف الآثار الضارة لاستخدام حبوب منع الحمل الفموية (OCP) بين النساء اللواتي يعشن في أربيل/ العراق. هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى تقييم أنماط الاستخدام والآثار الجانبية المرتبطة بها بين النساء في أربيل. المرضى والطرق: استكمل استبيان وجهاً لوجه يستفسر عن المعلومات الديموغرافية والقضايا المتعلقة باستخدام OCPs والآثار الجانبية ذات الصلة من قبل 235 امرأة استخدمن OCPs مرة واحدة على الأقل في حياتهن. النتائج: أظهرت النساء مواقف إيجابية تجاه فعالية وسلامة OCP ، مرتبطة بشكل إيجابي بأنماط استخدامها. تم الإبلاغ عن الآثار الجانبية الشائعة التالية لـ OCPs: ألم (69.4٪) ، مشاكل في الرؤية (60٪) ، صداع وإرهاق (59٪) ، ضعف النطق (53٪) ، نزيف غير منتظم وألم في الثدي (52٪) ، غثيان ( 51٪) ، آلام في الصدر (40٪) ، كلف (37٪) ، زيادة الوزن (33٪) ، آلام في البطن (28٪)، ضيق في التنفس (26٪) ، تورم (20٪) ، بقع دم (12٪) ، والحساسية (7٪). كشفت الدراسة أن النساء اللواتي لديهن العديد من الآثار الجانبية تجاه OCPs مع ذلك يميلون إلى استخدامها بشكل مناسب. ومع ذلك، يُنصح بالبرامج التعليمية لتحسين المعرفة حول استخدام OCP بين النساء في أربيل.Purpose: Studies exploring the adverse effects of oral contraceptive pill (OCP) use among women living in Erbil/Iraq are lacking. This study aimed to assess the patterns of use and associated side effects among women in Erbil. Patients and methods: A face-to-face questionnaire survey inquiring about demographic information and issues related to the use of OCPs and related side effects was completed by 235 women who had used OCPs at least once in their lifetime. Results: The women exhibited positive attitudes towards OCP efficacy and safety, positively associated with their patterns of use. The following common side effects of OCPs were reported: pain (69.4%), vision problems (60%), headache and fatigue (59%), speech impairment (53%), irregular bleeding and breast tenderness (52%), nausea (51%), chest pains (40%), chloasma (37%), weight gain (33 %), abdominal pain (28%), shortness of breath (26%), swelling (20 %), spotting (12%), and allergy (7%). Conclusion: The study revealed that women who have many side effects toward OCPs nevertheless tend to use them appropriately. However, educational programs are advisable to improve knowledge about OCP use among women in Erbil