The Role of Learner-training in Acquiring Vocabulary Via Context by Iraqi Kurdish EFL University Students

تهدف الدراسة‌ إلى التحقيق في مدى تأثير تدريب المتعلمين على تعلم المفردات من السياق بشكل إيجابي على عملية اكتساب المفردات على المستوى الجامعي. تتبع الدراسة منهجاً كمياً باستخدام استبيان المعلم ويتم إجراء التحليل الإحصائي ببرنامج SPSS. وشارك أربعة وخمسون مدربا من جامعات محافظة السليمانية الحكومية والخاصة. أظهرت نتائج الدراسة الرئيسية أن تدريب المتعلمين على تقنيات داخل الفصل مثل اتباع خطوات استنتاج المعنى من السياق، واستخدام القرائن النحوية لتعزيز تخمين المفردات والتحقق من صحة التخمين باستخدام القاموس أيضًا تدريب المتعلمين على تقنيات خارج الفصل مثل مشاهدة الأفلام و يؤدي الاستماع إلى الأغاني والتفاعل بوسائل التواصل الاجتماعي والألعاب إلى تحسين حجم مفردات المتعلم بشكل كبير. تظهر النتائج أيضًا أنه من بين الإستراتيجيات المذكورة أعلاه، فإن تدريب المتعلمين على اتباع خطوات استنتاج المعنى من السياق وتوجيه المتعلمين لاستنتاج المعنى من السياق بمشاهدة الأفلام يتفوق على الإستراتيجيات الأخرى. قد يؤدي اعتماد الطرق المذكورة في هذه الدراسة إلى تحسين مفردات المتعلمين وفهمهم بشكل إيجابي، وتسريع عملية تعلم المفردات. قد تشجع نتائج هذه الدراسة أيضًا مدربي اللغة الإنجليزية كلغة أجنبية على اتباع الأساليب اعتمادًا على مستوى فهم المتعلمين واهتمامهم.This paper aims to investigate the extent to which training learners in vocabulary learning from context has positive impact on the process of vocabulary acquisition at university level. The study follows a quantitative approach using instructor questionnaire and statistical analysis is conducted through SPSS program. Forty-five instructors from both public and private Sulaimani Province Universities were involved. The main study findings showed that training learners on inside class techniques such as following the steps of inferring meaning from context, using grammatical clues to enhance vocabulary guess and checking the correctness of the guess by using dictionary also training learners on outside class techniques like watching movies, listening to songs, social media interaction and gaming can significantly improve learner’s vocabulary size. The findings also show that among the fore mentioned strategies, training learners to follow the steps of inferring meaning from context and directing learners to infer meaning from context through watching movies are superior to other strategies. Adopting the mentioned ways in this study may positively improve learners’ vocabulary and comprehension, and also speeds up the vocabulary learning process. The findings of this study may also encourage the EFL instructors to follow the techniques depending on their learners’ level of understanding and interest

Effect of early tranexamic acid administration on mortality, hysterectomy, and other morbidities in women with post-partum haemorrhage (WOMAN): an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Background Post-partum haemorrhage is the leading cause of maternal death worldwide. Early administration of tranexamic acid reduces deaths due to bleeding in trauma patients. We aimed to assess the effects of early administration of tranexamic acid on death, hysterectomy, and other relevant outcomes in women with post-partum haemorrhage. Methods In this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we recruited women aged 16 years and older with a clinical diagnosis of post-partum haemorrhage after a vaginal birth or caesarean section from 193 hospitals in 21 countries. We randomly assigned women to receive either 1 g intravenous tranexamic acid or matching placebo in addition to usual care. If bleeding continued after 30 min, or stopped and restarted within 24 h of the first dose, a second dose of 1 g of tranexamic acid or placebo could be given. Patients were assigned by selection of a numbered treatment pack from a box containing eight numbered packs that were identical apart from the pack number. Participants, care givers, and those assessing outcomes were masked to allocation. We originally planned to enrol 15 000 women with a composite primary endpoint of death from all-causes or hysterectomy within 42 days of giving birth. However, during the trial it became apparent that the decision to conduct a hysterectomy was often made at the same time as randomisation. Although tranexamic acid could influence the risk of death in these cases, it could not affect the risk of hysterectomy. We therefore increased the sample size from 15 000 to 20 000 women in order to estimate the effect of tranexamic acid on the risk of death from post-partum haemorrhage. All analyses were done on an intention-to-treat basis. This trial is registered with ISRCTN76912190 (Dec 8, 2008); ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00872469; and PACTR201007000192283. Findings Between March, 2010, and April, 2016, 20 060 women were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive tranexamic acid (n=10 051) or placebo (n=10 009), of whom 10 036 and 9985, respectively, were included in the analysis. Death due to bleeding was significantly reduced in women given tranexamic acid (155 [1·5%] of 10 036 patients vs 191 [1·9%] of 9985 in the placebo group, risk ratio [RR] 0·81, 95% CI 0·65–1·00; p=0·045), especially in women given treatment within 3 h of giving birth (89 [1·2%] in the tranexamic acid group vs 127 [1·7%] in the placebo group, RR 0·69, 95% CI 0·52–0·91; p=0·008). All other causes of death did not differ significantly by group. Hysterectomy was not reduced with tranexamic acid (358 [3·6%] patients in the tranexamic acid group vs 351 [3·5%] in the placebo group, RR 1·02, 95% CI 0·88–1·07; p=0·84). The composite primary endpoint of death from all causes or hysterectomy was not reduced with tranexamic acid (534 [5·3%] deaths or hysterectomies in the tranexamic acid group vs 546 [5·5%] in the placebo group, RR 0·97, 95% CI 0·87-1·09; p=0·65). Adverse events (including thromboembolic events) did not differ significantly in the tranexamic acid versus placebo group. Interpretation Tranexamic acid reduces death due to bleeding in women with post-partum haemorrhage with no adverse effects. When used as a treatment for postpartum haemorrhage, tranexamic acid should be given as soon as possible after bleeding onset. Funding London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Pfizer, UK Department of Health, Wellcome Trust, and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation