Hidden Markov models reveal complexity in the diving behaviour of short-finned pilot whales

This work was supported by award RC-2154 from the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program and funding from the Naval Facilities Engineering Command Atlantic and NOAA Fisheries, Southeast Region. DS was supported by the United States Office of Naval Research grant N00014-12-1-0204, under the project entitled Multi-study Ocean acoustics Human effects Analysis (MOCHA).Diving behaviour of short-finned pilot whales is often described by two states; deep foraging and shallow, non-foraging dives. However, this simple classification system ignores much of the variation that occurs during subsurface periods. We used multi-state hidden Markov models (HMM) to characterize states of diving behaviour and the transitions between states in short-finned pilot whales. We used three parameters (number of buzzes, maximum dive depth and duration) measured in 259 dives by digital acoustic recording tags (DTAGs) deployed on 20 individual whales off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, USA. The HMM identified a four-state model as the best descriptor of diving behaviour. The state-dependent distributions for the diving parameters showed variation between states, indicative of different diving behaviours. Transition probabilities were considerably higher for state persistence than state switching, indicating that dive types occurred in bouts. Our results indicate that subsurface behaviour in short-finned pilot whales is more complex than a simple dichotomy of deep and shallow diving states, and labelling all subsurface behaviour as deep dives or shallow dives discounts a significant amount of important variation. We discuss potential drivers of these patterns, including variation in foraging success, prey availability and selection, bathymetry, physiological constraints and socially mediated behaviour.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Атриовентрикулярная (предсердножелудочковая) блокада у детей

Rhythm and conduction disorders of the heart occupy one of the leading places in the structure of cardiovascular pathology in children. Atrioventricular block is the slowing down or loss of impulses from the atria to the ventricles. The team of authors presents clinical guidelines based on the principles of evidence-based medicine, including all stages of diagnosis and treatment of children with atrioventricular block. The use of guidelines in clinical practice will allow to choose the best strategy for the diagnosis and treatment of atrioventricular block for each individual patient.Нарушения ритма и проводимости сердца занимают одно из ведущих мест в структуре сердечно-сосудистой патологии у детей. Атриовентрикулярная блокада представляет собой замедление или прекращение проведения импульсов со стороны предсердий на желудочки. Коллектив авторов представляет разработанные на основании принципов доказательной медицины клинические рекомендации, включающие все этапы диагностики и лечения детей с атриовентрикулярной блокадой. Использование рекомендаций в клинической практике позволит осуществлять выбор наилучшей стратегии в диагностике и лечении атриовентрикулярной блокады у конкретного пациента

Суправентрикулярные (наджелудочковые) тахикардии у детей

Rhythm and conduction disorders of the heart occupy one of the leading places in the structure of cardiovascular pathology in children. Supraventricular tachycardias means tachyarrhythmias, caused by abnormal myocardial excitation with the source of rhythm localization above the His bundle bifurcation — in the atria, atrioventricular junction (node), and also arrhythmias with circulation of the excitation wave between the atria and the ventricles with additional atrial compounds. The team of authors presents clinical recommendations developed on the principles of evidence-based medicine, including all stages of diagnosis and treatment of children with supraventricular tachycardias. The use of recommendations in clinical practice allows to selecte the best strategy for diagnosis and treatment of supraventricular tachycardia in a particular patient.Нарушения ритма и проводимости сердца занимают одно из ведущих мест в структуре сердечно-сосудистой патологии у детей. Суправентрикулярные тахикардии — тахиаритмии, обусловленные аномальным возбуждением миокарда с локализацией источника ритма выше бифуркации пучка Гиса — в предсердиях, атриовентрикулярном соединении (узле), а также аритмии с циркуляцией волны возбуждения между предсердиями и желудочками с участием дополнительных предсердно-желудочковых соединений. Коллектив авторов представляет разработанные на основании принципов доказательной медицины клинические рекомендации, включающие все этапы диагностики и лечения детей с суправентрикулярными тахикардиями. Использование рекомендаций в клинической практике позволит осуществлять выбор наилучшей стратегии в диагностике и лечении суправентрикулярной тахикардии у конкретного пациента

4G-MITTAUKSET

Opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli tutkia radiokanavan ominaisuuksien vaikutusta tiedonsiirtoon, sekä neljännen sukupolven matkapuhelinjärjestelmän ympäristön rakentaminen sovelletun elektroniikan laboratorioon. Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin radiokanavan ominaisuuksien vaikutusta tiedonsiirtoon. Tutustuttiin myös neljännen sukupolven matkapuhelinjärjestelmään ja selvitettiin, mitä teknologioita järjestelmässä käytetään. Päätavoitteena oli luoda neljännen sukupolven ympäristöön soveltuvat standardien mukaiset mittaukset EB PROPSIM- emulaattorilla. Samalla tuotettiin käyttökelpoista materiaalia neljännen sukupolven mittauksiin PROPSIM:illa, jotta Keski- Pohjanmaan Ammattikorkeakoulun opiskelijat ja alan yritykset hyötyisivät siitä. Työ tehtiin Centria T&K:lle. Työ alkoi 2/2011 ja päättyi 5/2011.The aim of this graduation thesis was to examine the impact of radio channel characteristics on data transmission, as well as to build a fourth- generation wireless system environment in an applied electronics laboratory. The study examined the impact of radio channel characteristics on data transmission. In addition, the study included familiarization with a fourth- generation wireless system and finding out which technologies are used in this system. The main aim was to create a measurement environment suitable for a fourth- generation wireless system in accordance with the testing standards and using EB PROPSIM C8 emulator. The aim was to produce usable material for the fourth- generation wireless system measurements by EB PROPSIM C8, so that the students of Central Ostrobothnia University of Applied Sciences as well as IT- companies could make use of it. The work was done for the Centria R&D. The work began in February 2001 and ended in May 2011

Atrioventricular Block in Children

Rhythm and conduction disorders of the heart occupy one of the leading places in the structure of cardiovascular pathology in children. Atrioventricular block is the slowing down or loss of impulses from the atria to the ventricles. The team of authors presents clinical guidelines based on the principles of evidence-based medicine, including all stages of diagnosis and treatment of children with atrioventricular block. The use of guidelines in clinical practice will allow to choose the best strategy for the diagnosis and treatment of atrioventricular block for each individual patient

Evolution of Mixed Connective Tissue Disease in 7 Years Old Child: Clinical Case

Background. Mixed connective tissue disease (Sharp syndrome) is the rare chronic autoimmune pathology combining various features of systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis, dermatomyositis and high antibody titer to nuclear ribonucleoprotein. The mixed connective tissue disease may evolve into other systemic diseases over time. Description of any cases of mixed connective tissue disease and its evolution in Russian patients has not been published previously.Clinical Case Description. The results of observations of the child with clinical and immunological signs of the mixed connective tissue disease followed by the progression of systemic scleroderma symptoms and development of Sjogren's syndrome in the short period of time are presented in the article. Improvement (such as pain attenuation, increase in volume of movements in affected joints, decrease of Raynaud syndrome manifestations duration) was observed on treatment (methotrexate 10 mg/week with subsequent addition of prednisolone 0.75 mg/kg/day).Conclusion. Timely diagnostics of clinical signs of the systemic diseases debut is crucial for correct patient routing and for achieving of disease improvement

Fish abundance, habitat, water quality, flow and climate data from English rivers,1975-2017

This dataset contains a time series of species-specific fish abundances and covariates for 1180 fish sites in English rivers. Sites with at least ten annual fish surveys in the Environment Agency’s (EA) National Fish Population Database (NFPD) between 1975 and 2017 inclusive were selected. Covariate data include habitat quality indicators (River Habitat Survey and HABSCORE outputs), climatic variables (Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Oscillation indices), land-use change, river hydrology, water temperature, effluent dilution factor and concentrations of chemical determinands