Practical approach to IP Scheduled throughput measurements in Dual Connectivity systems

IP scheduled throughput defined according to 3GPP TS 36.314 reflects user throughput regardless of traffic characteristics, and therefore has become one of the most important indicators for monitoring Quality of Service (QoS) of the end user in Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN). However, networks built on a distributed architecture make the above definition impossible to be applied directly due to the implementation challenges. This paper gives an overview of the classical Long Term Evolution (LTE) architecture as opposed to Dual Connectivity (DC) topology and focuses on a novel method of solving the calculation issue with the IP scheduled throughput measurement in edge computing environment. Experimental results show a good agreement with the real end user perception

Practical approach to IP Scheduled throughput measurements in Dual Connectivity systems

IP scheduled throughput defined according to 3GPP TS 36.314 reflects user throughput regardless of traffic characteristics, and therefore has become one of the most important indicators for monitoring Quality of Service (QoS) of the end user in Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN). However, networks built on a distributed architecture make the above definition impossible to be applied directly due to the implementation challenges. This paper gives an overview of the classical Long Term Evolution (LTE) architecture as opposed to Dual Connectivity (DC) topology and focuses on a novel method of solving the calculation issue with the IP scheduled throughput measurement in edge computing environment. Experimental results show a good agreement with the real end user perception

Design of an innovative self-compacting material modified with recycled steel fibers and spent equilibrium catalyst for ultra-high performance applications

The main aim of the present study is to design an innovative self-compacting material modified with recycled steel fibers (RSF) from waste tires and spent equilibrium catalyst (Ecat) from the petrochemical industry for ultra-high performance application. For this purpose, 17 different mixtures were developed and analysed using different percentages of RSF (0%-3%) and replacement of cement by different percentages of Ecat (0%-15%). The developed mortars' self-compatibility was evaluated in a fresh stage using mini-cone tests. Regarding the hardened stage, the mortars were characterized at the ages of 7 days and 28 days using compression and unnotched flexural tests. The abilities of RSF to increase the post-cracking behavior of the specimens and to use Ecat to increase the bond performance between RSF and the cement matrix were assessed by performing notched three-point bending tests. The results of notched flexural tests were used to obtain the residual flexural strength in service limit state (SLS), ultimate limit state (ULS), and two equivalent flexural strengths. The experimental results for the fresh stage demonstrated that inclusion of RSF and Ecat significantly reduced the workability of mortars. The beneficial use of RSF and Ecat was observed to increase compressive strength and flexural strength for 7 days and 28 days of tested specimens. Notched flexural tested specimens showed that the addition of RSF and Ecat can significantly decrease the brittle behavior of cement-based materials by improving its toughness and post-cracking resistance. Middle-span deflection, crack initiation load, and ultimate flexural load were also increased with the addition of RSF and Ecat. In this sense, the results of this research showed that RSF and Ecat seem to have the potential to constitute a sustainable material for structural and nonstructural applications

The effects of a 6-week core exercises on swimming performance of national level swimmers

The aim of this study was to assess the impact of a 6-week specialized training program aimed at strengthening core muscles to improve the effectiveness of selected elements of a swimming race on a group of Polish swimmers. Sixteen male national level swimmers (21.6 ± 2.2 years) participated in the research. The competitors were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups before the data collection process: an experimental (EG, n = 8) and a control (CG, n = 8) group. Both groups of swimmers underwent the same training program in the water environment (volume and intensity), while swimmers from the EG additionally performed specific core muscle training. The task of the swimmers was an individual front crawl swim of 50 m, during which the kinematic parameters of the start jump, turn and swimming techniques were recorded using a video camera system. In both groups, a minor increase in the flight phase was observed at the start (EG = 0.06 m, 1.8%; p = 0.088; CG = 0.08 m, 2.7%; p = 0.013). The time to cover a distance of 5 mafter the turn and the recorded average speed in swimming this distance for the EG statistically significantly improved by 0.1 s (-28.6%; p < 0.001) and 3.56 m�s-1 (23.2%; p = 0.001), respectively. In the EG, a statistically significant improvement in 50m front crawl swimming performance of 0.3 s (-1.2%, p = 0.001) was observed. The results of the research show that the implementation of isolated strengthening of the stabilizing muscles seems to be a valuable addition to the standard training of swimmers

Resident’s opinion about the quality of life in the commune of Opalenica

The aim of the study was an assessment of the quality of life in the urban-rural commune of Opalenica based on the opinion of its residents. The article makes references to local development dilemmas and presents the results of a questionnaire survey conducted in the commune. The respondents had the highest opinion about social aspects of life, especially the functioning of the private sector. They found the economic conditions, especially their salaries, to be the biggest drawbacks. The more concerned a particular issue was with the direct functioning of a household, the more unequivocal the respondents’ opinions were

Economic efficiency of inputs of production factors in cost management context Ekonomiczna efektywno&#x15B;&#x107; nak&#x142;ad&#xF3;w czynnik&#xF3;w produkcji w kontek&#x15B;cie zarz&#x105;dzania kosztami

The results of research concerning relations between cost structure in a given farm, productivity and efficiency of inputs utilization is presented in this paper. 49 farms from the Wielkopolska region were investigated. It was proved that inputs of current assets constitute the highest share in structure of inputs of production factors. Variability of intermediate consumption in total costs is mainly the reflection of relation between operational and investment activity. The analysis proved that farms with higher intermediate consumption, obtain higher productivity and profitability of land, labour and fixed assets. It can indirectly imply a dominant role of operational activity as far as improvement of inputs utilization efficiency is concerned

Prices and price relations in agriculture under conditions of market uncertainty on the example of Poland

W opracowaniu poruszono tematykę ryzyka i niepewności w gospodarce, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem sektora rolnego. Celem opracowania jest wskazanie na istotę tego zjawiska, przy podkreśleniu specyficznych uwarunkowań rolnictwa przejawiających się tym, że występuje w nim nie tylko ryzyko ekonomiczne (głównie cenowe), ale też przyrodnicze. Zwrócono również uwagę, że jedne zagrożenia oraz wyzwania dla sektora rolnego są długookresowe i przewidywalne, a inne mają charakter zdarzeń nagłych, których przewidzieć nie można. Omawiane zagadnienia zobrazowano z wykorzystaniem danych GUS oraz Eurostat z lat 2018-2022, które odnosiły się do cen oraz relacji cenowych w polskim rolnictwie. Taki zakres czasowy podyktowany został tym, że ostatnie lata obfitowały w niekorzystne zjawiska, które z różną siłą oddziaływały na rolnictwo, zakłócając przede wszystkim stabilność cen. W odróżnieniu jednak od pandemii COVID-19, która nie wpłynęła znacząco na sektor rolny, wojna w Ukrainie przyczyniła się do wzrostu cen energii, następnie innych środków produkcji, a finalnie produktów rolniczych. Zjawiska te mają szczególne znaczenie w polskim rolnictwie, gdzie koszty chemicznych środków plonotwórczych (głównie nawozów) są znaczące na tle innych krajów UE.The paper deals with the topic of risk and uncertainty in the economy, with a particular focus on the agricultural sector. The goal of the study is to point out the essence of this phenomenon, highlighting the specific conditions of agriculture manifested in the fact that there is not only economic (mainly price) risk, but also natural one. It also noted that some threats and challenges to the agricultural sector are long-term and predictable, while others are in the nature of sudden events that cannot be predicted. The issues discussed were illustrated using polish Central Statistical Office and Eurostat data from 2018-2022, which referred to prices and price relations in Polish agriculture. Such a time scope was determined by the fact that recent years have been fraught with unfavourable phenomena that have affected agriculture with varying degrees of force, primarily disrupting price stability. However, unlike the COVID-19 pandemic, which did not significantly affect the agricultural sector, the war in Ukraine contributed to an increase in the price of energy, then other inputs, and ultimately agricultural products. These phenomena are particularly important in Polish agriculture, where the cost of chemical yield-forming agents (mainly fertilizers) are significant in comparison with other EU countries

Economy, agriculture and the environment in the selected parts of the world

The aim of the study is to identify the different impacts of the economy and agriculture on the environment in the different countries in natural, historical, political and economic terms. Two countries were chosen as an example – the USA and China, and one group of countries – the European Union. The research used data from Faostat and the World Bank. It also used the author’s method of estimation of agricultural production, defined as the amount of energy expressed in kilocalories. Research showed that highly developed economies are highly polutogenic, but, on the other hand, they are effective, which means that the production of GDP entails relatively little pollution. In the case of agriculture, it was stated that productivity is determined primarily by demographic factors, mainly the density of population. It means that despite the differences in the level of development, the productivity of land is relatively high in China and the EU and lower in the USA. Basing on the analyses, a number of development dilemmas were pointed out, highlighting the social importance of multi-faceted security generated by the developed economy. At the same time, environmental threats were also identified

ECONOMICS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE THEORY OF SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS BY THOMAS KUHN

The aim of this article is to analyze selected aspects of the theory of sustainable development as a potentially new paradigm in economic theory. The paper presents the concept of the economics of sustainable development in the context of the theory of scientific revolutions developed by Thomas Khun. The study focuses on such issues as externalities and the functioning of the economy in the macrosystem, including society and the environment. Their inclusion in the economics of sustainable development has allowed the assessment of such fundamental aspects as the voluntary nature of transactions or the social effects of running a business from a different perspective. Based on conducted analyses and the review of the literature, it has been noted that the main assumptions of the economics of sustainable development constitute some sort of anomaly, and perhaps even a revolution in relation to classical economics (understood, in this study, as a general theoretical concept that proclaims the reliability of the market mechanism, as well as the convergence of individual interests of producers and consumers with collective interests). In the context of Khun’s concept, it has been pointed out that a possible future paradigm of economics will not constitute so much disapproval of the present one but will make it more comprehensive and will approach economic problems from a different perspective

Agriculture in the world of change - challenges for advice

Niniejsze opracowanie ma na celu przedstawienie możliwych przyszłych wyzwań doradztwa rolniczego, związanego z coraz szybciej zmieniającym się rolnictwem oraz jego otoczeniem. Wskazano tu przede wszystkim na takie aspekty jak nowoczesne technologie produkcyjne, zmieniające się trendy konsumpcyjne czy coraz bardziej ambitne cele polityki rolnej. Możliwych przyczyn ewolucyjnych czy nawet rewolucyjnych przemian w rolnictwie i praktyce doradczej może być jednak znacznie więcej, dlatego zwrócono także uwagę na potrzebę uwzględnienia rzeczy nieprzewidywalnych. W konkluzji stwierdzono, że najpewniej przyszłym głównym celem doradztwa będzie taka edukacja rolników, aby samodzielnie byli w stanie reagować na coraz szybciej zachodzące zmiany.This paper aims to present the possible future challenges of agricultural advisory in relation to the ever-changing agriculture and its environment. The following aspects have been pointed out here, above all, such as modern production technologies, changing consumption trends and ambitious agricultural policy goals. However, there may be many more possible causes of evolutionary or even revolutionary changes in agriculture and advisory practice, therefore the necessity of taking into account the unpredictable has also been highlighted. The conclusion is that in the future, the main objective of advice will probably be to educate farmers in such a way that they will be able to react to increasingly rapid changes themselves