Comparative study between third and sixth year of medical students regarding basic science in Al-Nahrain College of medicine

Background: The basic sciences have a fundamental role in the development of physicians, there is now an urgent need to facilitate and enhance student retention of basic science knowledge, concepts and principles delivered to the students in the preclinical years .The aim of this research is to :(1) Assess the level of integration of basic medical sciences in the clinical training of medical students.(2) Determine the opinion of medical students about basic medical science. Subjects and Methods: A descriptive Cross sectional study which carried out on one hundred students using consecutive non random sampling technique, there is no inclusion or exclusion criteria. The study was done in Baghdad and conducted during the period from May through July 2012 in Al-Nahrain College of medicine . to determine the integration of the basic medical sciences to the clinical training. Fifty students were participant from third year and the same numbers were from sixth year. The basic medical sciences information was collected by using questions in six main basic medical sciences branches, there were five core multiple choice questions in each branch, the questions were selected from United State Medical License Examination. The study also includes a questionnaire survey which contains ten questions. Statistical analysis :using soft ware MINITAB ,p value bellow 5 representation for significances. Result: this study shows that the percentage of success in passing the test in third year was (54%) in comparison with (34%) in sixth year, the success  rate in pathology was higher in six year in comparison with third year while in other branches was higher in third year. The students’ test score categories in the sixth year reach to (60-69) while in third year was up to (80-89). The opinion of students’ about integration of the basic medical sciences was (46%) for good in the third year while the sixth year choose (56%) for average, the third year choose (40%) for enough for the bulk of information in comparison with (46%) for overcrowded in sixth year. The two groups was agreed in chosen the same opinion in method of teaching was accepted, and for the interest it was limited, this results supported with a lot of international studies. Conclusions: this study concluded on the important of integration and change teaching method are one of the tool which can help to reach the target  . Key word; basic medical science  ,third year ,sixth year ,integratio

Public key exponent attacks on multi-prime power modulus using continued fraction expansion method

This paper proposes three public key exponent attacks of breaking the security of the prime power modulus =22 where and are distinct prime numbers of the same bit size. The first approach shows that the RSA prime power modulus =22 for q<<2q using key equation −()=1 where ()= 22(−1)(−1) can be broken by recovering the secret keys  / from the convergents of the continued fraction expansion of e/−23/4 +1/2 . The paper also reports the second and third approaches of factoring multi-prime power moduli =2 2 simultaneously through exploiting generalized system of equations −()=1 and −()=1 respectively. This can be achieved in polynomial time through utilizing Lenstra Lenstra Lovasz (LLL) algorithm and simultaneous Diophantine approximations method for =1,2,…,

Trends of motorcyclist accidents in Kelantan and factors associated With severity of motorcyclists' Injury seen in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM), Kelantan

Motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) contribute large proportion of death and disability globally. In Malaysia, more than 50°/o of the registered vehicles are motorcycle and it becomes one of the most important forms of personal transportation. Approximately 52.2°/o of all fatalities and 70.9°/o of all casualties related to MVCs in Kelantan were motorcycle riders and pillion riders. The objectives of the study were to determine the trend of motorcycle crashes in Kelantan between 1998 and 2003 and to identify factors associated with the severity of injury sustained by motorcyclist accidents. This study has two parts. Part 1 was a retrospective record review of MVCs in Kelantan between 1998 and 2003. Part 2 was a cross-sectional study on associated factors of motorcyclist accidents, assessed through face to face interviewed-based questionnaire and, at the same time the severity of injury was determined through Revised Trauma Score. The study revealed that majority of road traffic injuries involved motorcycle users (58.5°/o to 63.1 °/o). The proportion of fatality was between 8.6o/o and 10.7% and majority involved those aged 11-30 years (60.0°/o- 69.7°/o). About 90°/o of the fatal motorcycle injuries were male. The peak hour for fatality was between 4.00 and 8.00 in the afternoons. There was no seasonal pattern of motorcycle accidents but, there was significant linear increasing trend over time (p<0.001) with an average increase of 9 cases every year. Age more than 50 years (OR=12.87, 95°/o Cl: 1.85, 89.58), no motorcycle license (OR=14.32, 95°/o Cl: 3.85, 53.23), no stressful condition (OR=4. 73, 95°/o Cl: 1.64, 13.69) and crash on two-way road (OR=4. 78, 95°/o Cl: 1.26, 18.1 0) increased the odds of getting low score (RTS<11 ). Accidents on straight roadways (OR=0.24, 95%> Cl: 0.07, 0.75) or on wet roads (OR=0.09, 95o/o Cl: 0.02, 0.55) and drivers sleeping six to less than nine hours at night prior to accidents (OR=0.11, 95o/o Cl: 0.02, 0.64) reduced the odds for low score. Based on the results above, we conclude that the trend of motorcycle accidents was increasing in the years 1998 - 2003, but with no seasonal pattern. Most of the fatal motorcycle crashes involved young men riders and occurred in afternoons. Age more than 50 years, no motorcycle license, no stressful condition and crashes on two-way road showed higher risk to sustain more severe injury. However, drivers sleeping six to less than nine hours at night, crashes on straight roadways and wet road surfaces were associated with less severe injury. We recommend that public education, licensing and enforcement on accident prevention and safety riding should be given a priority

Development and performance evaluation of bioluricant enhanced with nanoparticles for sustainable machining application

Vegetable oil-based biolubricants usage for lubrication and cooling in the industry has been encouraged due to their pleasant attributes of being environmentally benign, lower volatility, biodegradable, good lubricity, and high-quality viscosity index, amongst others. However, failure of biolubricants at elevated temperatures which is attributed to the thermal degradation hinders their efficient performance. The performance limitations may be ameliorated using nano-additives to enhance the oxidation and thermal stability as well as improve the thermophysical and anti-wear properties of biolubricants. However, thermal stability evaluation of vegetable oil-based nano-enhanced biolubricants has not been reported in any literature. The research aimed to formulate and evaluate performance characteristics of nano-enhanced biolubricants dispersed with exfoliated graphene nanoplatelets and maghemite nanoparticles at varying volume concentrations of 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% in coconut oil as base biolubricants; denoted by XGO1, XGO2 and XGO3 for graphene enhanced and MGO1, MGO2 and MGO3 for maghemite enhanced nanolubricants. The developed nanolubricants and the base biolubricants were evaluated for thermal stability, thermophysical and tribological properties tests. The volume fraction 0.2% of the XGO and the MGO concentrations indicated best performance in terms of tribological properties. End milling machining experiment was performed using the best concentrations from the XGO and MGO nanolubricants (0.2% volume fractions) based on the outcome of tribological properties evaluation and compared with the base lubricant. From the results, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) reveals that the addition of nanoparticles improves the oxidation onset temperature for all concentrations, which implies improved thermal stability. The oxidation onset temperature in the presence of nano-additives can be delayed by 36.3 °C and 14.5 °C for XGO1 and MGO1, respectively, at 0.1% volume concentration. An improvement of thermal conductivity for all concentration levels was observed with a maximum enhancement ratio of 15.5% and 7.9% at 0.3% volume concentration, respectively, for the graphene and maghemite enhanced nanolubricants. The tribological studies revealed a significant reduction in coefficient of friction and wear scar diameter. For graphene enhanced nanolubricants, maximum friction and wear reduction were 17.6% and 7.55%, while for maghemite enhanced nanolubricants were 7.39% and 6.25%, respectively. Machinability performance was performed on machining titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) under the minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) technique to supply lubricants. The results reveal that the enhanced biolubricants indicated superior performance over pure biolubricants in cutting force, tool life, and surface roughness. The graphene nanoplatelets enhanced lubricant was better over the maghemite enhanced lubricant. The research has shown a comprehensive understanding of oxidation stability and thermal degradation process of enhanced nano-biolubricants which are rarely investigated. Thermophysical and tribological properties evaluated indicated significant improvement. Furthermore, the developed non-linear correlation will avail researchers and industry operators the opportunity of selecting potential nanoparticles for nano-enhanced biolubricants formulation. This will reduce downtime and save resources as blends of nanoparticle and vegetable oils can be formulated without performance testing, thus promoting the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to ensure sustainable consumption and production pattern

Maximum intensity determination of beam waist in BBO optical nonlinear crystal using single harmonic generation

Nonlinear optics is a branch of optics that explains the nonlinear response of atoms and molecules to a field of light radiation. There is a difficulty in cutting crystals in shapes commensurate with their optical properties, and thus it was significant to determine the descriptive shape of crystal properties based on its optic properties to be ideal in use. The problem of determining the length of the crystal to give the best output power is still under study and research and is one of the most important topics. In our research, a computational method based on mathematical relationships was used to estimate the length of the BBO crystal of I-type, which gives the best output power, by manipulating the location of the optical light scattering to be in the middle of the crystal. It was found that the best length of a crystal with a width of 3mm and a height of 3mm is 7mm. the comparison of these results with the previous literatures gave a great match, which confirms the correctness of the computations and the reliability of used method

Effect of Corrugation Depth on Heat Transfer Enhancement and Flow Characteristics for Corrugated Tubes

تم أختبار ثلاثه انابيب محلزنه تحتوي على اعماق نتوء مختلفه عمليا ونظريا. الاختبار أنجز بامرار هواء بارد داخل الانبوب المحلزن، يسخن هذا الهوء بامرار بخار ماء مشبع داخل القشره المبادل الحراري هذا يؤدي الى جعل درجه حرارة سطح الانبوب تقريبا ثابته. قيم عمق النتوء الابعدي(e/Dh) هي 0.0216, 0.0469, 0.0798, بينما زاوية الحلزون ونسبه خطوه الحلزون (p/Dh) كانتا ثابتتان تقريبا 9ο و0.5, على التوالي. التجارب أنجزت على الهواء المضطرب حيث كان عدد رينولدزمن 5000 الى 50000. النتائج أظهرت ان معدل الزيادة في عدد نسلت كانت 46%,67% و105% لنسبة عمق نتوء 0.0216 ,0.0469 و0.0798, على التوالي بالمقارنه مع الانبوب الاملس. بينما، معدل الزيادة لمعامل الاحتكاك للانابيب الملتويه ذات نسبة عمق التواء 0.0216, 0.0469 و0.0798 كانت 90%, 135% و500% اعلى من الانبوب الاملس، على التوالي.&nbsp; بثبوت قدرة دافعة الهواء فان أفضل نسبة عدد نسلت كانت 1.4 التي تم الحصول عليها من انبوب محلزن يحتوي على نسبة عمق نتوء متوسط القيمة (e/Dh= 0.0469). أستخدم الحل العددي لتصور تصرف الجريان داخل الانبوب المحلزن بأستخدام برنامج Ansys, Fluent 15. النتائج النظريه اظهرت ان هنالك دوامة رئيسيه تتكون نتيجه حركه المائع بمسار حلزوني، بالاضافه الى ذلك هنالك دوامة اخرى تتكون خلف النتوء. هذان الدوامتان تقومان بعملية خلط بين طبقات المائع وكذلك تكيسر طبقه المتاخمه، وبالنتيجة يؤدي الى تحسين انتقال الحرارة.Three.corrugated.tubes.with various corrugation.depths are.experimentally and numerically. investigated. Air. is used &nbsp;as a working. fluid. in. tube .side. heated .by saturated. steam. passing. through. the. shell. of heat. exchanger where. constant wall temperature. at the. tube side was achieved. The dimensionless corrugation depth (e/Dh) are 0.0216, 0.0469 and 0.0798. However, the corrugation angle (θ) and pitch to diameter ratio (p/Dh) were kept nearly constant of 9ο and 0.5, respectively. The experiments were carried out over the turbulent range of Reynolds number from 5000 to 50,000. The results reveal that the average Nusselt number is increased by 46%, 67% and 105% for corrugation depth ratios of 0.0216, 0.0469 and 0.0798, respectively compared with the smooth tube. However, the average friction factor of the corrugated tube with e/Dh = 0.0216, 0.0469 and 0.0798 are 90%, 135% and 500% higher than of smooth tube, respectively. At the same pumping power, the optimum Nusselt number ratio was 1.4 obtained by corrugated tube with intermediate depth ratio (e/Dh =0.0469). To. visualize the. Flow behavior of flow. inside corrugated. tubes, the numerical.approach.was used.to solve three-dimensional. governing equations. with. shear stress transport k-ω model by using ANSYS, Fluent 15. Solid work was used to generate the physical domain of corrugated tube. The numerical.result showed.that .there is .main vortex. Generated in.the main .flow .due to rotational flow induced .along the helical path. In addition, secondary vortex is originated behind the rib. These .two vortices .can promote .flow .mixing between .the flow.layers.and break.the boundary layer. Consequently, achieve high heat transfer improvement

Long term effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy for treatment of postpartum depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: The existing trials on the long term effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) for the treatment of postpartum depression have conflicting results. Therefore, we performed a systematic review to summarize the current evidence.Methodology: Literature search was performed using electronic databases Medline, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and PsychINFO were explored from January 2000 to March 2013.All peer-reviewed English-published randomized controlled trials were eligible if they assessed the long term (at least at 24 weeks post partum) effectiveness of CBT versus standard postpartum care for prevention of postpartum depression. Data from eligible studies were abstracted by using structured data extraction form and pooled for calculation of relative risk ratio.Results: Five randomized controlled trials fulfilled eligibility criteria. In the included studies, the total number of women was 1087 with age ranged from 17 years to 42 years. Assessment carried on the ‘Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool’ showed the trials included in this review had low risk of bias. Two trials had sample size less than 50. Two out of five trials reported beneficial effect of CBT whereas three trials found no difference. Meta-analysis [random effect model] revealed 30% reduction in the prevalence of depression in the intervention group as compared with the control group [RR: 0.70 (95% C.I: 0.55 to 0.90)]. However, these results showed effectiveness of intervention because of one large trial and excluding this trial, there was no significant difference.Conclusion: In this systematic review, we found a beneficial effect of CBT in the prevention of postpartum depression at 24 weeks of postpartum period. However, the evidence is limited by a small number of trials with results being dominated by a single large trial. Robust research with larger sample size is needed to determine the long-term effectiveness of CBT for treatment of postpartum depression

An Investigation Behavior Into Dental Biomechanical Analysis

The aim of the study is to evaluate the Von Mises stress distribution of different human teeth model. Three-dimensional model of the maxillary central incisor, mandibular first molar and mandibular central incisor were constructed using Auto CAD (Auto CAD 2007) software and then imported to ANSYS software (ANSYS V.10) to get finite element model of each teeth. A loading simulating the 200N force was applied vertically and with different inclination to the crowns. Then same loading was applied vertically but the load was distributed along the incisal area for the incisors and at occlusal margin for the molar. Finally the crown was considered as porcelain material and the vertical load was distributed along each tooth and the Von Mises stresses were calculated. The results showed that the increase in the loading angle from 0°, 26° to 45° resulted in an increase in tooth Von Mises stress which means increase the probability of tooth failure. When the load distributed along wide region the ability of model to fail for the same loading will be decreased. Also when the crown consider as porcelain material there will be increasing Von Mises stress compare with the enamel crown for the same load region and load valu

A Review of Minimum Quantity Lubrication Technique with Nanofluids Application in Metal Cutting Operations

Minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) technique did not only serve as a better alternative to flood cooling during machining but enhance better surface finish, minimizes the cost, reduces the impact loads on the environment and health hazards on the operation personnel. However, the coolant or lubrication media used in MQL technique posed certain restrictions especially at very high cutting speeds where the lubricating oil tends to evaporates as it strikes the already heated cutting tool at elevated temperature. Desire to compensate for the shortcomings of the lubricating media in the MQL technique led to the introduction of nanoparticles in the cutting fluids for use in the MQL lubrication process. Nanoparticles have much higher and stronger temperature-dependent thermal conductivity and enhanced heat transfer coefficient at very low particle concentration, which are key parameters for their enhanced performance in many of the machining applications. Optimizing the nanoparticles concentration leads to efficiency in most of their application. Their ball bearing effect lubrication at the cutting zone through formation of film layer which reduces friction between the contact surfaces thereby reducing cutting force, temperature and tool wear. It has been reported in various studies that nanoparticles introduction in cutting fluids led to excellent machining performance in reduction of cutting forces, reduced tool wear, reduced cutting temperature and improved surface finish of the work piece thereby increasing productivity and reduction of hazards to the health of personnel and the environment better than the pure or conventional MQL process. Thus, the application of various nanoparticles and its performances in metal cutting operations with respect to the cutting forces, surface finish, tool wear and temperature at the cutting zone are evaluated and highlighted

Chaotic Time Series Prediction using Spatio-Temporal RBF Neural Networks

Due to the dynamic nature, chaotic time series are difficult predict. In conventional signal processing approaches signals are treated either in time or in space domain only. Spatio-temporal analysis of signal provides more advantages over conventional uni-dimensional approaches by harnessing the information from both the temporal and spatial domains. Herein, we propose an spatio-temporal extension of RBF neural networks for the prediction of chaotic time series. The proposed algorithm utilizes the concept of time-space orthogonality and separately deals with the temporal dynamics and spatial non-linearity(complexity) of the chaotic series. The proposed RBF architecture is explored for the prediction of Mackey-Glass time series and results are compared with the standard RBF. The spatio-temporal RBF is shown to out perform the standard RBFNN by achieving significantly reduced estimation error.Comment: Published in: 2018 3rd International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering, Sciences and Technology (ICEEST). arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1908.0132