Effect of time and temperature on migration of melamine from melamine-ware products to foods

Background: Melamine is an organic base material whose resin is used to prepare the food-related wares. The initial migration of melamine from tableware to food can be for the remained monomers, but the secondary migration is an important concern for breakage and damage of polymers. Previous studies showed that acidity, temperature, and time have effects on melamine migration. The present study was conducted to measure melamine migration from melamine-wares to food and to investigate the effects of temperature and time on migration using HPLC method.Methods: Melamine-wares were purchased according to Iran National Standard guidelines. Four various tests were designed to examine the effects of time and temperature on melamine migration to the Acetic acid 3% as a food simulant. Exposures were done at temperatures 30 and 90 ◦C for 30 and 90 minutes. Migration was determined using HPLC method.Results: In all samples, migration occurred but it was lower than the Specific Migration Limit (SML). Melamine was restricted by SML of 30 mg/kg (European Union standard). Findings indicated that the temperature and time had significant effects on migration. Temperature had specially a direct relationship with melamine migration.Conclusion: Findings of the present study indicated that the independent variables, including temperature and time, had significant effects on migration, so precautions should be considered when using melamine wares for hot and acidic foods

The injection of rice bran oil to avian egg: focus on carotenoids content of liver and brain in embryonic period

Introduction: The brain and liver are highly vulnerable to oxidative stress in embryo developmental periods. The levels of antioxidant in these tissues are correlated with the mother&rsquo;s nutrition during pregnancy. The present study was conducted to assess the level of carotenoids in liver and brain following the injection of Rice Bran Oil (RBO) to the chicken embryo. Methods: The eggs were divided into three groups (n=10, for each group). 0.1 cc of RBO was injected into the chorioallantoic membrane and into the egg yolk on the day 4 of incubation. The experiment was terminated on the day 20 of incubation, then, the liver and brain sample tissues were collected. The carotenoids level was measured and compared in the groups. Results: The levels of carotenoids of the eggs yolks in which RBO were injected in them were 0.31&plusmn;0.08 and 1.2&plusmn;0.08 (&mu;g/g tissue) in brain and liver, respectively. These changes were significant as compared with control group (P&lt;0.05). Conclusion: RBO exposed embryo significantly increased carotenoids level of liver and brain. Therefore, the result of this study confirms health benefit of RBO consumption during embryonic development.</p

The antioxidant and Flavonoids contents of Althaea officinalis L. flowers based on their color

Objective: There has been a growing interest in finding plants with biological active ingredients for medicinal application. Materials and Methods: Three colors of petals of Althaea officinalis (A. officinalis) flowers, i.e., pink, reddish pink, and white were examined for total antioxidant activity and flavonoids content. Results: The reddish pink flowers of A. officinalis have more antioxidant activity and the power of antioxidant activity was reddish pink > pink > white. Conclusion: Findings suggest that the dark color can serve as an indicator of antioxidant content of the plant. Flavonoid content was highest in white flower thus this result indicated that flowers with light color can be considered for medicinal uses

The antibacterial activity of chitosan between different extraction method

his survey described the relation between chitosan extraction methods and the antibacterial activity. Chitosan were extracted from shrimp waste according to the conventional method. But in step of deprotenisation, three process acid, alkaline, and enzyme extraction was used. The extracted chitosan evaluated by inhibition of bacterial growth against current foodborne bacteria. Therefore, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus are used to study the antimicrobial activity. These results demonstrated that good results can be achieved by enzymatic and alkaline treatment. Subject to economic advantages, alkaline can replace the other methods

The effect of banana leaf package on the shelf life of rainbow trout fillet in comparison with plastic bags

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of banana leaf extract on the quality and shelf life of rainbow trout compared to plastic bags at freezing temperature for 40 days. For evaluating this propose, the antioxidant activity of banana leaf extract was assessed. In addition, the shelf life of fish filets was determined by measuring thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and pHof fish. The banana leaves extract showed the highest content of vitamin E (5.8 ± 0.61 mg /g) and carotenoids (12.8 ± 0.1 mg /g). The potential of Cu (II) reduction the extract was 1.76 ± 0.09. The magnitude of modification in TBA and pH of the packed fish with banana leaves were less than the control samples. The present study demonstrated that the use of banana leaf extract will retard lipid oxidation in fish. fillet during freezing storage that may due to its strong antioxidant properties

Histopathology and cholinergic assessment of Pterocarya fraxinifolia on chicken embryo

There are no reports of toxicological studies of Pterocarya fraxinifolia. The leaves are used for fishing, which also an anesthetic agent. Currently, many drugs utilized in anesthesia practice are modified cholinergic transmission and acetylcholine esterase inhibitors; these are parts of anaesthetic pharmacy. Therefore, cholinergic assessment was surveyed in chicken embryo, which Pterocarya fraxinifolia extractes were injected in 0.1, 1 and 10 mg concentration at day 4 of incubation. Serum and brain cholinesterase were analyzed on day 20 of incubation. The signs were not due to the changes of cholinesterase activity. In histopathology examination, massive necrosis was observed in the spinal cord. Other tissues such as heart, kidneys, skeletal bones and muscles, trachea and lungs, digestive system and endocrine glands were completely developed. This data suggests that the spinal cord is a target organ of the bioactive component of this plant

Safety assessment of rice bran oil in a chicken embryo model

Objective: Rice Bran Oil (RBO) is extracted from the outer layer of rice. Little information is available regarding its safety. The present study was conducted to assess its safety in chicken embryo model. Materials and Methods: RBO was injected on day 4 of incubation of chickens. The tissues and serum samples were collected. Oxidative stress parameters in the liver, kidney and brain and biochemical parameters of serum were measured. The deformities were also investigated.  Results: The changes in the liver enzymes activity were not statistically significant. There was significant decrease and increase in lipid peroxidation and glutathione level, respectively. It is suggested that RBO is a natural antioxidant source. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) also decreased. No abnormal findings were observed in the chickens. Conclusion: No toxic effect was observed following RBO administration in chicken embryos. This study showed that RBO is not a safety concern

The effect of flavorings on PAHs level in the roasted sunflower seeds

Abstract The amount of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can be reduced by food additives. In this study, the impact of various flavors was investigated on the formation of PAHs in roasted sunflower seeds. PAHs was measured in the shell and kernel of sunflower with the flavors of lemon, golpar (hogweed), salt, ketchup and raw sunflower. Measuring the amount of PAHs was analyzed by Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). PAHs with low molecular weight were detected. The total of PAHs of sunflower seeds were in the range of 0.4–3.2 mg kg−1. The lowest amount was related to the hogweed kernel, and the highest amount was related to the lemon. High molecular weight PAHs were not detected because the temperature did not rise above 100 °C during roasting. Some flavors, such as hogweed can reduce the amount of PAHs because of their antioxidant properties. On the contrary, the PAHs level with lemon juice was higher than other flavors

Using Artemia urmiana in detecting of the cytotoxicity of some selected food additives

Abstract. The different assays are required for the determination of general toxicity. These assays usually need technical personal and time-consuming. The alternative simple and non ethical assay is required for the preliminary assessment. But, these methods should be validated. In this study, the capacity of Artemia urmiana was measured in assessing food additives. The results supported that using A. urmiana might be not useful in preliminary assessment in food additives