Small Interfering RNA (siRNA) of Mini circle DNA Transfection (McD) is Encapsulated by Gold Nanoparticles from Folate’s Receptors of Gold Conjugation as Curative Therapy for Non-Small’s Cell of Lung Cancer

Background: Lung cancer is one of the non-communicable diseases that have an increasing number of events that each year with a mortality rate of 18.4% and an incidence of 11.6%, occupies the top position based on GLOBOCAN data in 2018. One of management in the NSCLC is currently in the form of surgery and adjuvant therapy such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy and target therapy. However, there were weaknesses and limitations in care for its patients therefore development of curative therapy for NSCLC’s patients were needed.  The aim of this review is to learn and investigate about the potential of siRNA that is transfected into McD and folate receptors alpha-conjugated gold nanoparticle encapsulation as a therapeutic opportunity that could be developed as a treatment in management of NSCLC.Method: The writing method used in this review article was the study method of literature.  The used data comes from 45 of relevant literature sources and was arranged systematically in accordance with the topic of the problem discussed, along with the inclusion and exclusion criteria.Result: This treatment could increase gene transfection, siRNA biodistribution in organs, reduced KRAS, Bcl-2, and VEGF expression.  Moreover, siRNA had entered phase III clinical trials and FOLR1 antibodies were in phase II of clinical trials.Conclusion: Utilization of siRNA specifically was designed for three genes such for KRAS, VEGF and Bcl-2 which were three genes that played a role in the pathogenesis of NSCLC, could be the right modality choice for treatment of NSCLC.

POTENSI LACTOBACILLUS PLANTARUM SEBAGAI INTERVENSI PENATALAKSANAAN KANKER KOLOREKTAL BERBASIS MODIFIKASI MIKROBIOTA USUS

Colorectal cancer is a cancer of the colon including the colon and rectum with symptoms such as blood in the stool, anemia, and abdominal pain. This is the third most common cancer worldwide and causes 30.017 cases in Indonesia on 2019. Current treatment of colorectal cancer includes the administration of chemotherapy, surgery, and radiotherapy. However, they are considerably expensive and have many side effects. Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) is known to have an anticancer effect by influencing carcinogenesis in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and stimulates anticancer immunity. This literature review aims to examine the potential of L. plantarum as an intervention in the management of colorectal cancer based on the modification of the gut microbiota. The writing method used is literature study by examining library sources from five research engines, namely Google Scholar, Pubmed, Plos ONE, Nature, and Sciencedirect. After going through the screening, 79 relevant sources were obtained which were then processed and compiled systematically. L. plantarum suppresses proliferation by inhibiting G1 phase in the cell cycle and targetting ErbB2 and ErbB3. In addition, L. plantarum induces cell death (apoptosis) by activating Bcl-2. These bacteria also stimulate Th1 and inhibit Th2 immune responses.ABSTRAKKanker kolorektal merupakan kanker pada usus besar meliputi kolon dan rektum dengan beberapa gejala seperti darah dalam tinja, anemia, dan nyeri perut. Kanker ini menempati peringkat ketiga di dunia dan menyebabkan 30.017 kasus di Indonesia pada tahun 2019. Penanganan kanker kolorektal saat ini meliputi pemberian obat anti-kanker, pembedahan, dan radioterapi. Akan tetapi, penanganan saat ini dinilai mahal dan menimbulkan efek samping. Salah satu mikrobiota usus, yaitu Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) diketahui memiliki efek antikanker dengan memengaruhi karsinogenesis pada proliferasi sel, apoptosis, dan sebagai imunoterapi. Metode penulisan yang digunakan adalah studi literatur dengan mengkaji sumber kepustakaan dari lima research engine yaitu Google Scholar, Pubmed, Plos ONE, Nature, dan Sciencedirect. Setelah melalui skrining diperoleh 79 sumber relevan yang kemudian diolah dan disusun secara sistematis. L. plantarum menekan proliferasi melalui mekanisme penghentian fase G1 pada siklus sel dengan target reseptor ialah ErbB2 dan ErbB3. Selain itu, L. plantarum mampu menginduksi kematian sel (apoptosis) dengan mediasi Bcl-2. Bakteri ini juga berperan dalam imunoterapi dengan menstimulasi Th1 dan menghambat Th2 pada host immune system. Literature review ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji potensi L. plantarum sebagai intervensi penatalaksanaan kanker kolorektal berbasis modifikasi mikrobiota usus.

Analysis of Antiquorum-Sensing and Antibiofilm Activity by Pomelo Peel Extract (Citrus maxima) on Multidrug-ResistancePomelo Peel Extract (Citrus maxima) on Multidrug-Resistance Pseudomonas aeruginosaPseudomonas aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is gram-negative bacteria with high adaptability by forming biofilms and quorum-sensing mechanisms to avoid immune responses and antimicrobial agents which tend to develop into Multidrug Resistance (MDR) related to Healthcare-Associated Infection (HAI) with a prevalence of 3,8% in Indonesia and a mortality of up to 69%. Polyphenol compounds found in pomelo peels (Citrus maxima) have been shown to have antibiofilm and anti-quorum-sensing effects but are less investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate those effects on MDR P. aeruginosa. In vitro study design is performed to evaluate the inhibition effect of ethanolic extract on bacterial growth (Kirby-Bauer test), biofilm formation (biofilm assay), and quorum-sensing activity (pyocyanin and pyoverdine assay) on clinical isolates of MDR and ATCC strain as comparator. Furthermore, we employed computational methods using docking protein analysis. Biofilm formation was significantly inhibited by 71.1% ± 4.4% in MDR (pLasR and LasI ) by active compounds of Citrus maxima. Molecular docking was used to further strengthen this hypothesis, showing no significant differences in bonding energy of polyphenol compounds found in pomelo peel with LasR and LasI compared to the native ligand and inhibitors. Pomelo peel extract can be considered as a potential therapy for MDR P. aeruginosa infection mediated based on its antibiofilm and antiquorum-sensing effects