Synteza barwnika fluoresceinowego z wykorzystaniem promieniowania mikrofalowego i jego zastosowanie na podłożach włókienniczych

Energy conservation plays a vital role in overcoming the burning issues of global Warming worldwide. The synthesis of organic dyes using the conventional method consumes high levels of energy, temperature, as well as solvents, which further leads to additional costs as well as increases in energy consumption. To save energy, time and cost, the synthesis of dye using microwave based energy might be a good option. In this study, a comparison was drawn between the conventional synthesis and microwave based synthesis of fluorescein dye. The resultant dyes were characterised using the different techniques of UV-Visible and FTIR spectroscopy. Furthermore, colour values were evaluated for dyed wool and Nylon 6 fabrics. In view of this, the work in the present investigation is related to the synthesis of fluorescein with two different methods (conventional and microwave). This dye may be used for various applications in the textile industry.Oszczędność energii odgrywa kluczową rolę w przezwyciężaniu palących problemów globalnego ocieplenia na całym świecie. Synteza barwników organicznych metodą konwencjonalną pochłania duże ilości energii, temperatury, a także rozpuszczalników, co dodatkowo prowadzi do dodatkowych kosztów oraz wzrostu zużycia energii. Aby zaoszczędzić energię, czas i koszty, dobrym rozwiązaniem może być synteza barwnika przy użyciu energii mikrofalowej. W badaniu dokonano porównania między syntezą konwencjonalną a syntezą fluoresceiny opartą na mikrofalach. Powstałe barwniki scharakteryzowano przy użyciu różnych technik spektroskopii UV-Visible i FTIR. Ponadto oceniono wartości kolorów dla tkanin z wełny barwionej i Nylonu 6

Seed Germination Ecology of Chenopodium album and Chenopodium murale

Chenopodium album L. and Chenopodium murale L. are two principal weed species, causing substantial damage to numerous winter crops across the globe. For sustainable and resource-efficient management strategies, it is important to understand weeds’ germination behaviour under diverse conditions. For the germination investigations, seeds of both species were incubated for 15 days under different temperatures (10–30 °C), salinity (0–260 mM NaCl), osmotic stress (0–1 MPa), pH (4–10), and heating magnitudes (50–200 °C). The results indicate that the germination rates of C. album and C. murale were 54–95% and 63–97%, respectively, under a temperature range of 10 to 30 °C. The salinity levels for a 50% reduction in the maximum germination (GR50) for C. album and C. murale were 139.9 and 146.3 mM NaCl, respectively. Regarding osmotic stress levels, the GR50 values for C. album and C. murale were 0.44 and 0.43 MPa, respectively. The two species showed >95% germination with exposure to an initial temperature of 75 °C for 5 min; however, seeds exposed to 100 °C and higher temperatures did not show any germination. Furthermore, a drastic reduction in germination was observed when the pH was less than 6.0 and greater than 8.0. The study generated information on the germination biology of two major weed species under diverse ecological scenarios, which may be useful in developing efficient weed management tactics for similar species in future agri-food systems

A Review on Properties and Environmental Applications of Graphene and Its Derivative-Based Composites

Graphene-based materials have gained a lot of scientific interest in the research era of modern technology, which can be quite flexible. Graphene has become popular as a potential material for the manufacture of a wide range of technologies due to its remarkable electrical, mechanical, and optical traits. Due to these excellent characteristics, the derivatives of graphene can be functionalized in various applications including environmental, medical, electronic, defence applications, and many more. In this review paper, we discussed the different synthesis methods for the extraction of graphene and its derivatives. The different traits of graphene and its derivatives such as structural, mechanical, and optical were also discussed. An extensive literature review on the application of graphene-based composites is presented in this work. We also outlined graphene’s potential in the realm of environmental purification through different techniques such as filtration, adsorption, and photocatalysis. Lastly, the challenges and opportunities of graphene and its derivatives for advanced environmental applications were reported