Comprehensive Research Synopsis and Systematic Meta-Analyses in Parkinson's Disease Genetics: The PDGene Database

More than 800 published genetic association studies have implicated dozens of potential risk loci in Parkinson's disease (PD). To facilitate the interpretation of these findings, we have created a dedicated online resource, PDGene, that comprehensively collects and meta-analyzes all published studies in the field. A systematic literature screen of ∼27,000 articles yielded 828 eligible articles from which relevant data were extracted. In addition, individual-level data from three publicly available genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were obtained and subjected to genotype imputation and analysis. Overall, we performed meta-analyses on more than seven million polymorphisms originating either from GWAS datasets and/or from smaller scale PD association studies. Meta-analyses on 147 SNPs were supplemented by unpublished GWAS data from up to 16,452 PD cases and 48,810 controls. Eleven loci showed genome-wide significant (P<5×10−8) association with disease risk: BST1, CCDC62/HIP1R, DGKQ/GAK, GBA, LRRK2, MAPT, MCCC1/LAMP3, PARK16, SNCA, STK39, and SYT11/RAB25. In addition, we identified novel evidence for genome-wide significant association with a polymorphism in ITGA8 (rs7077361, OR 0.88, P = 1.3×10−8). All meta-analysis results are freely available on a dedicated online database (www.pdgene.org), which is cross-linked with a customized track on the UCSC Genome Browser. Our study provides an exhaustive and up-to-date summary of the status of PD genetics research that can be readily scaled to include the results of future large-scale genetics projects, including next-generation sequencing studies

Comparative evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of Shodhana processed Guggul

Shodhana is a technique that has been around since the Samhita period. Shodhana is an Ayurvedic purification treatment that involves soaking, rubbing, and washing hazardous medicinal herbs (upavishadravyas) with specialised media such as gomutra (cow's urine), Godugdha (cow's milk), Guduchi Kwath, Triphala Kwath,&nbsp; Pancha Tikta Kwath, Dash Moola Kwath, Nimba Patra Kwatha with Haridra Churna, Nirgundi Patra and other pharmaceutical procedures to remove the doshas. &nbsp;Shodhana is a significant approach for removing Doshas from practically all types of medications (impurities or toxic contents) and substances are then processed further. In the present study guggul is used and guggulu shodhana is done by using different liquid media such as distilled water, Gomutra (cow urine), Triphala Kwath. The present study aimed to determine the anti-inflammatory activity of shodhit guggul by using carrageenan-induced paw edema and Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis in in Wistar Albino rats. By the pharmacological study it is concluded that the Triphala shodhit Guggul showed enhanced anti-inflammatory activity as compared with Distilled water and Gomutra shodhit Guggul. Thus, the purpose of Shodhana process of Guggul is proved experimentally showing enhancement of pharmacological activity

The COPD genetic association compendium: a comprehensive online database of COPD genetic associations

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. COPD is thought to arise from the interaction of environmental exposures and genetic susceptibility, and major research efforts are underway to identify genetic determinants of COPD susceptibility. With the exception of SERPINA1, genetic associations with COPD identified by candidate gene studies have been inconsistently replicated, and this literature is difficult to interpret. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of all population-based, case–control candidate gene COPD studies indexed in PubMed before 16 July 2008. We stored our findings in an online database, which serves as an up-to-date compendium of COPD genetic associations and cumulative meta-analysis estimates. On the basis of our systematic review, the vast majority of COPD candidate gene era studies are underpowered to detect genetic effect odds ratios of 1.2–1.5. We identified 27 genetic variants with adequate data for quantitative meta-analysis. Of these variants, four were significantly associated with COPD susceptibility in random effects meta-analysis, the GSTM1 null variant (OR 1.45, CI 1.09–1.92), rs1800470 in TGFB1 (0.73, CI 0.64–0.83), rs1800629 in TNF (OR 1.19, CI 1.01–1.40) and rs1799896 in SOD3 (OR 1.97, CI 1.24–3.13). In summary, most COPD candidate gene era studies are underpowered to detect moderate-sized genetic effects. Quantitative meta-analysis identified four variants in GSTM1, TGFB1, TNF and SOD3 that show statistically significant evidence of association with COPD susceptibility

Forest plot of the meta-analysis of rs7077361 in <i>ITGA8</i>.

<p>Study-specific allelic odds ratios (ORs, black squares) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs, lines) were calculated for each included dataset. The summary OR and CI was calculated using the DerSimonian Laird random-effects model (grey diamond) <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002548#pgen.1002548-DerSimonian1" target="_blank">[31]</a>. C = Caucasian ancestry.</p

Manhattan plot of all meta-analysis results performed in PDGene.

<p>This summary combines association results from 7,123,986 random-effects meta-analyses based on the March 31^st 2011 datafreeze of the PDGene database. Results are plotted as −log₁₀<i>P</i>-values (y-axis) against physical chromosomal location (x-axis). Black and grey dots indicate results originating exclusively from the three fully publicly available GWAS datasets <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002548#pgen.1002548-Maraganore2" target="_blank">[10]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002548#pgen.1002548-Pankratz1" target="_blank">[12]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002548#pgen.1002548-SimnSnchez1" target="_blank">[13]</a> (see <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002548#s4" target="_blank">Methods</a>), while green dots are based on a combination of smaller scale studies, supplemented by GWAS datasets (where applicable). Gene annotations are provided for genes highlighted in the main text.</p

Overview of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) published in PD until March 31, 2011.

<p>The overview is based on content on the PDGene website (<a href="http://www.pdgene.org" target="_blank">http://www.pdgene.org</a>; current on March 31^st, 2011). Studies are listed in order of publication date. ‘# PD GWAS’ and ‘# CTRL GWAS’ refers to sample sizes used in the initial GWAS datasets, whereas ‘Follow-up’ refers to the total number of replication samples where applicable. ‘Featured genes’ are those genes/loci that were declared as ‘associated’ in the original publication; note that criteria for declaring association varies across studies. Genetic loci in bold font denote genes showing genome-wide significant results (<i>P</i><5×10⁻⁸) in the PDGene meta-analyses.</p

Flowchart of literature search, data extraction, and analysis strategies applied for PDGene.

<p>Flowchart of literature search, data extraction, and analysis strategies applied for PDGene.</p