Parasite

We report the case of an 82-year-old patient, hospitalized for malaise. Her clothes were infested by numerous insects and the entomological analysis identified them as being Cimex lectularius (bed bugs). The history of the patient highlighted severe cognitive impairment. The biological assessment initially showed a profound microcytic, aregenerative, iron deficiency anemia. A vitamin B12 deficiency due to pernicious anemia (positive intrinsic factor antibodies) was also highlighted, but this was not enough to explain the anemia without macrocytosis. Laboratory tests, endoscopy and a CT scan eliminated a tumor etiology responsible for occult bleeding. The patient had a mild itchy rash which was linked to the massive colonization by the bed bugs. The C. lectularius bite is most often considered benign because it is not a vector of infectious agents. Far from trivial, a massive human colonization by bed bugs may cause such a hematic depletion that severe microcytic anemia may result

Toxoplasma gondii ROP16 kinase silences the cyclin B1 gene promoter by hijacking host cell UHRF1-dependent epigenetic pathways

La toxoplasmose, déterminée par le parasite Toxoplasma gondii, est l'une des infections les plus répandues au monde, en raison de la persistance à vie sous forme latente de ce parasite au sein de ces hôtes. Ce parasite fait partie des Apicomplexa et détourne les voies de signalisation de l'hôte par des mécanismes épigénétiques qui convergent vers des protéines nucléaires clés. Nous rapportons ici une nouvelle stratégie de persistance parasitaire impliquant la protéine de rhoptries ROP16 de T. gondii, sécrétée précocement lors de l'invasion, qui cible le facteur de transcription UHRF1 (Ubiquitin-like containing PHD and RING fingers domain 1) et induit un arrêt du cycle de la cellule-hôte. Ceci est induit par l'activité de la DNMT et le remodelage de la chromatine au niveau du promoteur du gène de la cycline B1 par le recrutement d’UHRF1 phosphorylé associé à un complexe protéique multienzymatique répressif. Cela conduit à la désacétylation et à la méthylation de l'histone H3 entourant le promoteur de la cycline B1 pour réduire de manière épigénétique son activité transcriptionnelle. De plus, l'infection par T. gondii provoque une hyper-méthylation de l'ADN dans la cellule hôte par la régulation positive des DNMTs. ROP16 est déjà connue pour activer et phosphoryler des facteurs de transcription de l'immunité protectrice tels que STAT 3/6/5 et le suppresseur tumoral p53 impliqué dans la progression du cycle cellulaire. De plus, ROP16 module ces voies de signalisation de l'hôte de manière souche-dépendante. Comme dans le cas de STAT3, les effets de ROP16 sur UHRF1 dépendent du polymorphisme d'un seul acide aminé du domaine kinase de ROP16. Ce travail montre que Toxoplasma module un nouvel initiateur épigénétique, UHRF1, via un événement précoce initié par la kinase parasitaire ROP16.Toxoplasmosis, caused by the apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, is one of the most common infections in the world due to the lifelong persistence of this parasite in a latent stage in its hosts. T. gondii hijacks host signaling pathways through epigenetic mechanisms which converge on key nuclear proteins. Here we report a new parasite persistence strategy involving Toxoplasma rhoptry protein ROP16 secreted early during invasion, which targets the transcription factor UHRF1 (Ubiquitin-like containing PHD and RING fingers domain 1), and leads to host cell cycle arrest. This is mediated by DNMT activity and chromatin remodeling at the cyclin B1 gene promoter through recruitment of phosphorylated UHRF1 associated with a repressive multienzymatic protein complex. This leads to deacetylation and methylation of histone H3 surrounding the cyclin B1 gene promoter to epigenetically silence its transcriptional activity. Moreover, T. gondii infection causes DNA hypermethylation in its host cell, by upregulation of DNMTs. ROP16 is already known to activate and phosphorylate protective immunity transcription factors such as STAT 3/6/5 and the tumor suppressor p53 involved in cell cycle progression. Moreover, ROP16 modulates host signaling pathways in a strain-dependent manner. Like in the case of STAT3, the strain-dependent effects of ROP16 on UHRF1 can be attributed to a single amino-acid polymorphism in ROP16. This study demonstrates that Toxoplasma hijacks a new epigenetic initiator, UHRF1, through an early event initiated by the ROP16 parasite kinase

Toxoplasma gondii ROP16 kinase silences the cyclin B1 gene promoter by hijacking host cell UHRF1-dependent epigenetic pathways

La toxoplasmose, déterminée par le parasite Toxoplasma gondii, est l'une des infections les plus répandues au monde, en raison de la persistance à vie sous forme latente de ce parasite au sein de ces hôtes. Ce parasite fait partie des Apicomplexa et détourne les voies de signalisation de l'hôte par des mécanismes épigénétiques qui convergent vers des protéines nucléaires clés. Nous rapportons ici une nouvelle stratégie de persistance parasitaire impliquant la protéine de rhoptries ROP16 de T. gondii, sécrétée précocement lors de l'invasion, qui cible le facteur de transcription UHRF1 (Ubiquitin-like containing PHD and RING fingers domain 1) et induit un arrêt du cycle de la cellule-hôte. Ceci est induit par l'activité de la DNMT et le remodelage de la chromatine au niveau du promoteur du gène de la cycline B1 par le recrutement d’UHRF1 phosphorylé associé à un complexe protéique multienzymatique répressif. Cela conduit à la désacétylation et à la méthylation de l'histone H3 entourant le promoteur de la cycline B1 pour réduire de manière épigénétique son activité transcriptionnelle. De plus, l'infection par T. gondii provoque une hyper-méthylation de l'ADN dans la cellule hôte par la régulation positive des DNMTs. ROP16 est déjà connue pour activer et phosphoryler des facteurs de transcription de l'immunité protectrice tels que STAT 3/6/5 et le suppresseur tumoral p53 impliqué dans la progression du cycle cellulaire. De plus, ROP16 module ces voies de signalisation de l'hôte de manière souche-dépendante. Comme dans le cas de STAT3, les effets de ROP16 sur UHRF1 dépendent du polymorphisme d'un seul acide aminé du domaine kinase de ROP16. Ce travail montre que Toxoplasma module un nouvel initiateur épigénétique, UHRF1, via un événement précoce initié par la kinase parasitaire ROP16.Toxoplasmosis, caused by the apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, is one of the most common infections in the world due to the lifelong persistence of this parasite in a latent stage in its hosts. T. gondii hijacks host signaling pathways through epigenetic mechanisms which converge on key nuclear proteins. Here we report a new parasite persistence strategy involving Toxoplasma rhoptry protein ROP16 secreted early during invasion, which targets the transcription factor UHRF1 (Ubiquitin-like containing PHD and RING fingers domain 1), and leads to host cell cycle arrest. This is mediated by DNMT activity and chromatin remodeling at the cyclin B1 gene promoter through recruitment of phosphorylated UHRF1 associated with a repressive multienzymatic protein complex. This leads to deacetylation and methylation of histone H3 surrounding the cyclin B1 gene promoter to epigenetically silence its transcriptional activity. Moreover, T. gondii infection causes DNA hypermethylation in its host cell, by upregulation of DNMTs. ROP16 is already known to activate and phosphorylate protective immunity transcription factors such as STAT 3/6/5 and the tumor suppressor p53 involved in cell cycle progression. Moreover, ROP16 modulates host signaling pathways in a strain-dependent manner. Like in the case of STAT3, the strain-dependent effects of ROP16 on UHRF1 can be attributed to a single amino-acid polymorphism in ROP16. This study demonstrates that Toxoplasma hijacks a new epigenetic initiator, UHRF1, through an early event initiated by the ROP16 parasite kinase

Pseudozyma aphidis fungemia after abdominal surgery: First adult case

Pseudozyma aphidis is an environmental Basidiomycete yeast, and has been involved in the ten past years in rare cases of invasive infection. Pseudozyma species are naturally resistant to caspofungin and often present decreased susceptibility or resistance to fluconazole. This fungus may be difficult to recognize and misidentifications are reported with conventional phenotypical methods. We report a case of P. aphidis invasive infection in an adult with a metastatic ampulloma who had gone through digestive surgery

Med Mycol Case Rep

We report a case of non-invasive sinusitis caused by Scopulariopsis brevicaulis in a 70-year-old immunocompetent patient who had an antibiotic-resistant suppurative tooth infection evolving for seven months. The sinus endoscopy highlighted a foreign body at the bottom of the sinus, which led to the hypothesis of fungal ball sinusitis. Culture of excised tissue was positive for S. brevicaulis

BMC Vet. Res.

BACKGROUND: Echinococcus multilocularis, the causative agent of alveolar echinococcosis, is a fox tapeworm widely distributed in Europe with an increase of endemic area in recent years. Many mammal species including humans and non-human primates can be infected by accidental ingestion of eggs. CASE PRESENTATION: In March 2011, a 5-year-old zoo-raised male cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis) presented a paresis of the lower limbs which evolved into paralysis. Lesions in liver and vertebra were observed on tomography scan. E. multilocularis infection was diagnosed post-mortem by morphological and histological examination and detection of Em DNA by polymerase chain reaction. Serodiagnosis of other primates of the colony using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was negative. In June 2013, at necroscopy, a hepatic and a paravertebral masses were detected in a second cynomolgus macaque of the same colony. Serology and DNA isolated from hepatic and abdominal cysts confirmed E. multilocularis infection. CONCLUSIONS: We described hear vertebral and liver localization of alveolar echinococcosis in non-human primates. The animals lived in an indoor/outdoor housing facility, where the probable mode of contamination is by ingestion of food foraging around the enclosure which could be contaminated with fox feces. Serological survey in the facility should allow us to estimate the risk of human contamination and the zoonotic risk of monkey infection due to environmental contamination

Parasit Vectors

BACKGROUND : Infections with larval stages (metacestodes) of a variety of taeniid species have been described in primates, including humans, with partial to severe clinical consequences. Taenia martis is a tapeworm of mustelids, and martens are mainly their definitive hosts in Central Europe. In the rodent intermediate host cysticerci develop in the pleural and peritoneal cavities. The present report describes a case of T. martis peritoneal cysticercosis in a Tonkean macaque. FINDINGS : An abdominal mass was detected in a 3-year-old male Tonkean macaque (Macaca tonkeana) born and raised in a primate colony in France. Examination of the mass after laparotomy showed numerous vesicles identified as cysticerci of T. martis, based on the morphology of scolex and hooks, with confirmation by PCR amplification and sequence analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) genes. Exeresis of the lesion was not possible and praziquantel (5.7 mg/kg) was given twice at an interval of 3 days. The abdominal mass was greatly diminished upon examination 2 months later and no signs of recurrence were noticed during the following 4 years. CONCLUSIONS : This is the first report of T. martis cysticercosis in a monkey. This record and the recent first description of an ocular T. martis cysticercosis in a human show the susceptibility of primates to T. martis and its zoonotic potential. This taeniid species must be considered in the differential diagnosis of cysticercosis in primates

Factors associated with coinfections in invasive aspergillosis: a retrospective cohort study

Objectives: To describe the coinfections in invasive aspergillosis (IA), to identify factors associated with coinfections, and to evaluate the impact of coinfection on mortality.Patients and methods: We conducted a monocentric retrospective study of consecutive putative, probable, or proven IA that occurred between 1997 and 2017. All coinfections, with an onset within 7 days before or after the first sign of aspergillosis, were identified. Factors associated with coinfections and mortality were analysed by multivariable analysis.Results: Among the 690 patients with IA included in the study, the median age was 57 years (range 7 days to 90 years). A coinfection was diagnosed in 272/690 patients (39.4%, 95%CI 35.8-43.2). The location of this coinfection was pulmonary only in 131/272 patients (48%), bloodstream only in 66/272 patients (24%) and other/multiple sites in 75/272 patients (28%). Coinfections were bacterial (110/272 patients, 40%), viral (58/272, 21%), fungal (57/272, 21%), parasitic (5/272, 2%) or due to multiple types of pathogens (42/272, 15%). Factors associated with a coinfection in adjusted analysis were: allogeneic haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (OR 2.3 (1.2-4.4)), other haematological malignancies (OR 2.1 (1.2-3.8)), other underlying diseases (OR 4.3 (1.4-13.6)), lymphopenia (OR 1.7 (1.1-2.5)), C-reactive protein >180 mg/L (OR 1.9 (1.2-3.0)), fever (OR 2.4 (1.5-4.1)), tracheal intubation (OR 2.6 (1.5-4.7)), isolation of two or more different Aspergillus species (OR 2.7 (1.1-6.3)), and the presence of non-nodular lesions on chest computed tomography (OR 2.2 (1.3-3.7) and OR 2.2 (1.2-4.0)). Coinfections were independently associated with a higher mortality at week 12 (adjusted HR 1.5 (1.1-1.9), p < 0.01).Conclusions: Coinfections are frequent in IA patients and are associated with higher mortality