Diagnóstico da variabilidade espacial e manejo da fertilidade do solo no Cerrado

O conhecimento da variabilidade espacial dos atributos químicos do solo permite um manejo mais eficiente da fertilidade. Objetivou-se caracterizar a variabilidade espacial dos atributos químicos e realizar o manejo da fertilidade de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico no cerrado piauiense por meio das ferramentas da geoestatística. Para a realização do estudo foram retiradas 100 amostras de solo na camada de 0,00-0,20 m, em grid de 100 x 30 m. Foram avaliados o pH, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, alumínio trocável, acidez potencial, capacidade de troca de cátions total, capacidade de trocas de cátions efetiva, soma de bases, saturação por alumínio e saturação por bases. Todas as variáveis apresentaram dependência espacial, indicando que o número de amostra foi suficiente para mapear a área em estudo, utilizando-se técnicas da geoestatística. O uso da geoestatística e a elaboração dos mapas de isolinhas por krigagem permitem a visualização das zonas de manejo da fertilidade do solo onde ocorrem os maiores e menores níveis dos atributos químicos avaliados. Além da elaboração dos mapas diagnóstico da fertilidade e da recomendação de fertilizantes e corretivos. A geoestatística pode ser usada como ferramenta para estimar os indicadores da fertilidade do solo, possibilitando orientar o manejo da fertilidade para áreas específicas

SARS-CoV-2 antibody dynamics in blood donors and COVID-19 epidemiology in eight Brazilian state capitals: A serial cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 situation in Brazil is complex due to large differences in the shape and size of regional epidemics. Understanding these patterns is crucial to understand future outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 or other respiratory pathogens in the country. METHODS: We tested 97,950 blood donation samples for IgG antibodies from March 2020 to March 2021 in 8 of Brazil's most populous cities. Residential postal codes were used to obtain representative samples. Weekly age- and sex-specific seroprevalence were estimated by correcting the crude seroprevalence by test sensitivity, specificity, and antibody waning. RESULTS: The inferred attack rate of SARS-CoV-2 in December 2020, before the Gamma variant of concern (VOC) was dominant, ranged from 19.3% (95% credible interval [CrI] 17.5-21.2%) in Curitiba to 75.0% (95% CrI 70.8-80.3%) in Manaus. Seroprevalence was consistently smaller in women and donors older than 55 years. The age-specific infection fatality rate (IFR) differed between cities and consistently increased with age. The infection hospitalisation rate increased significantly during the Gamma-dominated second wave in Manaus, suggesting increased morbidity of the Gamma VOC compared to previous variants circulating in Manaus. The higher disease penetrance associated with the health system's collapse increased the overall IFR by a minimum factor of 2.91 (95% CrI 2.43-3.53). CONCLUSIONS: These results highlight the utility of blood donor serosurveillance to track epidemic maturity and demonstrate demographic and spatial heterogeneity in SARS-CoV-2 spread. FUNDING: This work was supported by Itaú Unibanco 'Todos pela Saude' program; FAPESP (grants 18/14389-0, 2019/21585-0); Wellcome Trust and Royal Society Sir Henry Dale Fellowship 204311/Z/16/Z; the Gates Foundation (INV- 034540 and INV-034652); REDS-IV-P (grant HHSN268201100007I); the UK Medical Research Council (MR/S0195/1, MR/V038109/1); CAPES; CNPq (304714/2018-6); Fundação Faculdade de Medicina; Programa Inova Fiocruz-CE/Funcap - Edital 01/2020 Number: FIO-0167-00065.01.00/20 SPU N°06531047/2020; JBS - Fazer o bem faz bem

Predicting SARS-CoV-2 variant spread in a completely seropositive population using semi-quantitative antibody measurements in blood donors

SARS-CoV-2 serologic surveys estimate the proportion of the population with antibodies against historical variants, which nears 100% in many settings. New approaches are required to fully exploit serosurvey data. Using a SARS-CoV-2 anti-Spike (S) protein chemiluminescent microparticle assay, we attained a semi-quantitative measurement of population IgG titers in serial cross-sectional monthly samples of blood donations across seven Brazilian state capitals (March 2021–November 2021). Using an ecological analysis, we assessed the contributions of prior attack rate and vaccination to antibody titer. We compared anti-S titer across the seven cities during the growth phase of the Delta variant and used this to predict the resulting age-standardized incidence of severe COVID-19 cases. We tested ~780 samples per month, per location. Seroprevalence rose to >95% across all seven capitals by November 2021. Driven by vaccination, mean antibody titer increased 16-fold over the study, with the greatest increases occurring in cities with the highest prior attack rates. Mean anti-S IgG was strongly correlated (adjusted R2 = 0.89) with the number of severe cases caused by Delta. Semi-quantitative anti-S antibody titers are informative about prior exposure and vaccination coverage and may also indicate the potential impact of future SARS-CoV-2 variants

Sustainability Agenda for the Pantanal Wetland: Perspectives on a Collaborative Interface for Science, Policy, and Decision-Making.

Building bridges between environmental and political agendas is essential nowadays in face of the increasing human pressure on natural environments, including wetlands. Wetlands provide critical ecosystem services for humanity and can generate a considerable direct or indirect income to the local communities. To meet many of the sustainable development goals, we need to move our trajectory from the current environmental destructive development to a wiser wetland use. The current article contain a proposed agenda for the Pantanal aiming the improvement of public policy for conservation in the Pantanal, one of the largest, most diverse, and continuous inland wetland in the world. We suggest and discuss a list of 11 essential interfaces between science, policy, and development in region linked to the proposed agenda. We believe that a functional science network can booster the collaborative capability to generate creative ideas and solutions to address the big challenges faced by the Pantanal wetland

Establishment and cryptic transmission of Zika virus in Brazil and the Americas

Transmission of Zika virus (ZIKV) in the Americas was first confirmed in May 2015 in northeast Brazil1. Brazil has had the highest number of reported ZIKV cases worldwide (more than 200,000 by 24 December 20162) and the most cases associated with microcephaly and other birth defects (2,366 confirmed by 31 December 20162). Since the initial detection of ZIKV in Brazil, more than 45 countries in the Americas have reported local ZIKV transmission, with 24 of these reporting severe ZIKV-associated disease3. However, the origin and epidemic history of ZIKV in Brazil and the Americas remain poorly understood, despite the value of this information for interpreting observed trends in reported microcephaly. Here we address this issue by generating 54 complete or partial ZIKV genomes, mostly from Brazil, and reporting data generated by a mobile genomics laboratory that travelled across northeast Brazil in 2016. One sequence represents the earliest confirmed ZIKV infection in Brazil. Analyses of viral genomes with ecological and epidemiological data yield an estimate that ZIKV was present in northeast Brazil by February 2014 and is likely to have disseminated from there, nationally and internationally, before the first detection of ZIKV in the Americas. Estimated dates for the international spread of ZIKV from Brazil indicate the duration of pre-detection cryptic transmission in recipient regions. The role of northeast Brazil in the establishment of ZIKV in the Americas is further supported by geographic analysis of ZIKV transmission potential and by estimates of the basic reproduction number of the virus

Atributos morfogênicos de pastos de capim-mombaça adubados com resíduo de laticínio.

A morfogênese determina o crescimento da planta, e está, dentre outros fatores, sob influência do aporte de nutrientes. Neste contexto, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito do uso de águas residuais da indústria de laticínios (RLL) como fornecedor de nutrientes, sobre características morfogênicas do capimmombaça. Para isso foram estudadas seis doses de resíduo líquido de laticínio, correspondentes a: 10; 50; 100; 150; 200 e 400 m³ ha-¹ avaliadas em quatro ciclos produtivos e comparadas à adubação química. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em delineamento em blocos casualisados sendo arranjados em quatro repetições. Foram mensuradas as características de expansão e aparecimento foliar, senescência foliar, alongamento do colmo e perfilhamento. A aplicação de águas residuárias da indústria de laticínios influenciou (P<0,05) positivamente a taxa de alongamento foliar (TAlF), taxa de aparecimento foliar (TApF), taxa de alongamento de colmo (TAlH) e a taxa de aparecimento de perfilhos (TApP). Houve diminuição da taxa de senescência foliar (TSF) e do filocrono na gramínea. A aplicação de 400 m³ ha-¹ de RLL elevou as taxas morfogênicas do capim-mombaça, substituindo até 25% da adubação fosfatada e 100% da adubação potássica, possuindo também, efeito residual positivo no crescimento do capim. O resíduo líquido de laticínio é potencial fornecedor de potássio para o pasto de capim-mombaça.The morphogenesis determines the model of plant growth, and is, among other factors, under the influence of nutrient availability. In this context, the aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of using wastewater from the dairy industry (RLL) as a supplier of nutrients in the morphogenesis of grass Mombaça. For this we studied six doses of liquid dairy waste, corresponding to: 10, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 400 m³ ha-1 evaluated in four production cycles and compared to chemical fertilizer. The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with four replications compounds. We measured the characteristics of expansion and leaf appearance, leaf senescence, stem elongation and tillering. The application of wastewater from the dairy industry has positively influenced the leaf elongation rate, leaf appearance rate, stem elongation rate and the rate of tillering. A reduction in the rate leaf senescence and the phyllochron in the grass. The application of 400 m³ ha-¹ RLL guarantees satisfactory morphogenic indices in intensive grazing system, replacing up to 25% of phosphorus and potassium fertilization of 100%, having also a positive residual effect on the growth of grass. The liquid waste is a potential supplier of dairy grazing potassium for the pastures

Soil fertility and productivity of Mombaça grass with the use of solid residues of meat industry Fertilidade do solo e produtividade de capim Mombaça adubado com resíduos sólidos de frigorífico

It was aimed to evaluate the effect of residual solids in meat industry (RSF) on the production of Panicun Maximus cv. Mombaça and also assess the physical and chemical properties of soil subjected to each level of fertilization. The treatments consisted of increasing doses of waste meat industry: 0, 60, 120 and 180t/ha and analysis of depths (0-10, 10-20 and 20-30cm). The characteristics evaluated were total dry matter (DM), plant height, number of tillers (NP), leaf, stem and dead material. The soils were analyzed at three depths: 0 to 10, 10 to 20, 20 to 30 cm, considering: size, Al, Ca and Mg; potential acidity (Al + H), K, P, pH and calculating the sum of exchangeable bases (SB), cation exchange capacity at pH 7 (CTC) and saturation of bases (base saturation) (V%) and Al (m%). The levels of N, P and K were determined in tissues of forage. From the seven attributes of fertility tested, five showed significant differences for RSF. In relation to production, there was significant response in the application of waste, increasing the values of dry weight, number of tillers and plant height, howing a significant effect in this attribute when considering the increasing doses of the waste, resulting in production of 9.3kg/ha DM of waste applied. The paper concluded that the addition of organic material directly influences the availability of nutrients in surface layers of soil and, consequently, the agronomic characteristics of Mombaça grass.Objetivou-se analisar o efeito de resíduo de sólidos de frigoríficos (RSF) sobre a produção do Panicun maximun cv. Mombaça e, ainda, avaliar as propriedades físicas e químicas do solo submetido a cada nível de adubação. Os tratamentos constaram de doses crescentes de resíduos de frigorífico: 0, 60, 120 e 180t/ha e análises das profundidades (0-10; 10-20 e 20-30cm). As características avaliadas foram de matéria seca total (MS), altura das plantas, número de perfilhos (NP), lâmina foliar, colmo e material morto. Os solos foram analisados em três profundidades diferentes (0 a 10, 10 a 20, 20 a 30cm) e foram submetidos às análises de granulometria; Al, Ca e Mg; acidez potencial (Al + H); K; P e pH. Foram calculadas a soma de bases trocáveis (SB), capacidade de troca catiônica a pH 7 (CTC) e saturações por bases (V%) e por Al (m%). Os teores de N, P e K foram determinados nos tecidos da forrageira. Dos sete atributos de fertilidade analisados, cinco apresentaram diferenças significativas para RSF. Em relação à produção, houve resposta significativa na aplicação do resíduo, o que provocou o aumento dos valores de massa seca, número de perfilhos e altura das plantas e indicou um efeito significativo nesse atributo, quando consideradas as doses crescentes do resíduo, com produção de 9,3 kg de MS/ha por tonelada de resíduo aplicado. Conclui-se que o acréscimo de material orgânico influencia diretamente na disponibilidade de nutrientes nas camadas superficiais do solo e, consequentemente, as características agronômicas do Panicum

Variabilidade espacial das características qualitativas e quantitativas da pastagem de capim Marandú em topossequência no Tocantins

The objective of this study was evaluating the spatial variability of the productive characteristics of pasture of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu in front, depending on soil fertility. The experiment was conducted at farm School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science the Federal University of Tocantins. For the chemical characterization of soil sampling was conducted in area of points where the regular grid has an average distance of 2 m from one point to another along and perpendicular twelve meters, a total 160 points. The fodder was also collected following regular grid, however, with an average distance of four meters and along 12 m perpendicular, totaling 80 samples. The analyzes were as follows: pH (CaCl2); (Organic matter, available phosphorus (P) and exchangeable potassium (K+), exchangeable calcium (Ca2+), exchangeable magnesium (Mg2+) and exchangeable aluminum (Al3+). Data forage and soil were submitted to descriptive statistics and data normality hypothesis was verified using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The production the pasture had low spatial dependence, setting the spherical model for all variables. The coefficients of variation were moderate. Forage production was higher in top positions and dismissal in return the soil chemical properties, except the pH, were lower in these positions. The soil chemical properties, also showed low spatial dependence and, with the exception of pH, all attributes set to spherical model.Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a variabilidade espacial das características produtivas do pasto de Brachiária brizantha cv. Marandu em vertente, em função da fertilidade do solo. O experimento foi conduzido na fazenda da Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal do Tocantins. Para a caracterização química do solo foi realizada amostragem em pontos da área onde a malha regular possui uma distância média de 2 m de um ponto a outro longitudinalmente e doze metros perpendicularmente, perfazendo um total de 160 pontos. A forrageira também foi coletada seguindo malha regular, porém, com distância média de quatro metros longitudinalmente e 12 m perpendicularmente, totalizando 80 amostras. As análises realizadas foram às seguintes: pH (CaCl2); (matéria orgânica, fósforo disponível (P) e potássio trocável (K+); cálcio trocável (Ca2+), magnésio trocável (Mg2+) e alumínio trocável (Al3+). Os dados de forragem e de solo foram submetidos à estatística descritiva e a hipótese de normalidade dos dados que foi verificada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. A produção do pasto apresentou baixa dependência espacial, ajustando-se ao modelo esférico para todas as variáveis analisadas. Os coeficientes de variação foram moderados. A produção de forragem foi maior nas posições de topo e pedimento, em contrapartida os atributos químicos do solo, com exceção do pH, foram mais baixos nestas posições. Os atributos químicos do solo, também apresentaram baixa dependência espacial e, com exceção do pH, todos os atributos ajustaram-se ao modelo esférico

Atributos químicos de um Neossolo Quartzarênico sob capimmarandu adubado com resíduo líquido de frigorífico

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of liquid waste of bovine slaughter (RLF) on the chemical characteristics of a Entisol under pasture grass Marandu. We applied four levels of RLF (0, 37.5, 75, 112.5 m³ ha-1). The experimental design was randomized blocks. The soil samples were collected at 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40 cm, deep five replicates, which were analyzed in pH, available P and K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Al3+, CTCpH7,0, CTCeffective, organic matter content and potential acidity (H+ Al3+). We calculated the saturation of exchangeable bases (V%) and aluminum (m%). The applications of RLF in doses of 75 and 112.5 m³ ha-1 reduced the pH and level of Al3+. We observed increased of the value the V% at 0-10 cm and CTCeffective in 10-20 cm. The organic matter content had no significant increases for the implementation of RLF. The Mg2+ increased in the 30-40 cm layer at 112.5 m³ ha-1. The results suggest that application of 37.5 m³ ha-1 increases the pH and Ca2+ and K+ at a depth of 0-10 cm and the value of CTCpH7,0 to 30 cm. The pH, total bases, CTC, CTCpH 7,0 , saturation on base, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ were influenced by the depth with higher values in the 0-10 cm depth compared with other in all the treatments. Este experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da aplicação de resíduo líquido de frigorífico (RLF) sobre as características químicas de um Neossolo Quartzarênico Órtico típico sob pastagem de capim-Marandu. Foram aplicadas quatro doses de RLF (0; 37,5; 75; 112,5 m³ ha- 1). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos inteiramente casualizados. Foram coletadas amostras de solo nas profundidades de 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40 cm, em cinco repetições, nas quais foram analisados pH, P e K+ disponíveis, Ca2+, Mg2+ e Al3+ trocáveis, CTCpH7,0, CTCefetiva, teores de matéria orgânica e acidez potencial (H+Al) após 90 dias da aplicação do resíduo líquido. Foi calculada a saturação por bases trocáveis (V%) e por alumínio (m%). A aplicação de RLF nas doses de 75 e 112,5 m³ ha-1 reduziram o pH e os teores de Al3+ e aumentaram a V% na camada de 0-10 cm e a CTCefetiva na camada de 10-20 cm. Os teores de matéria orgânica não foram influenciados pela aplicação do RLF. Os teores de Mg2+ aumentaram na camada 30-40 cm na dose de 112,5 m³ ha-1. Os resultados evidenciam que a aplicação de 37,5 m³ ha-1 aumentou o pH e os teores de Ca2+ e K+ na profundidade de 0-10 cm e o valor da CTCpH7,0 de 0 a 30 cm. O pH, soma de bases, CTC efetiva, CTC pH 7, saturação por bases, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ foram influenciados pela profundidade com maiores valores na camada de 0-10 cm em relação às demais, em todos os tratamentos