Food an fodder from the Early Bronze Age I village at Arslantepe (Malatya, Turkey): an archaebotanical approach

Abstract: The eastern Anatolian site of Arslantepe has a very long sequence of occupation with the evidence of an early centralized society with socio-economic elites in the Late Chalcolithic 5 (3400-3100 cal. BCE). It is followed by a phase, in the Early Bronze Age Ib (3000-2800), where manifestations of centralized social structure have not been evidenced so far. At this time, named Arslantepe period VI B2, the site is occupied by local farming communities who lived in the area before, with some influence coming from Transcaucasia. The reconstruction of socio-economic development, with need for further investigation, is being here addressed through an archaeobotanical approach. The village‟s life was ended by a severe fire which preserved a vast amount of carpological material, i.e. seeds and fruits which are being analyzed in the present work. By addressing the archaeological contexts the material was recovered from, and artifacts it was related to, functions of the rooms and cereal-based diet are being discussed. By comparing the data with the previous periods of occupation at the site, agricultural activities, like growing of the crops and foddering of animals, are further discussed, and in that way further tackling the economy of Early Bronze Age societies of the Near East

IMMEDIATE ROOF STABILITY ANALYSIS FOR NEW ROOMAND- PILLAR MINING TECHNOLOGY IN “ESTONIA” MINE

This paper analysis the immediate roof (IR) stability by the deformation criteria for new room-andpillar mining technology with modern machines in “Estonia” mine. The new mining technology based on a blasting method to move from packaged to emulsion explosives, from 2.0 m to 4.0 m boreholes (FRANZ SCHELL machine) and on new undercutting (SMAG machine) method. With such equipped new technology the entry advance rates reached 3.8 m. As a result of such greater advance rates the situations with unsupported room length up to 5.5 m with decreasing the stability of IR can be expected. The analysis of IR stability based on an in-site underground testing by the leaving bench-mark stations and convergence measurements. The main targets of this study to determine the main parameters for supported/unsupported IR deformation in areas with great entry advance rates and risk analysis concept elaboration

Changes in properties of the transport network graph when using simplification algorithms

In the course of solving problems of managing and planning the development of large transport networks, a big amount of heterogeneous data from various sources is accumulated. The methods of graph theory are used to systematize information, process it, and calculate network characteristics. However, the problem arises of the enormous complexity and duration of computations over graphs of large networks. One of the approaches to solve this problem is the simplification of the original graph. In our report we study the influence of processing and basic graph simplification on the initial properties of the network. © 2019 Author(s).Russian Foundation for Basic Research, RFBR: number17-08-01123-aThe investigation was funded by RFBR, project number17-08-01123-a

CONCEPT OF RISK ASSESSMENT FOR ESTONIAN OIL SHALE MINES

The paper deals with the risk assessment problems in Estonian oil shale mines, where the roomand-pillar mining with blasting is used. This study addresses risks associated with the collapse of mining blocks, including environmental problems. Some of the various factors, which are relevant to Estonian oil shale mines, are determined. For risk estimation the event tree is used. Investigation showed that the likelihood and the consequences of the risk are not acceptable. Risk mitigation process reduces the likelihood. The used concept of risk assessment method is applicable for Estonian oil shale mines. It may be used for different purposes and levels. The results of the risk assessment are of particular interest for practical purposes

The optimization of the complex treatment in immunodificiency states

Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, State University of Medicine and Pharmacy „Nicolae Testemitanu”, Chisinau, Republic of MoldovaIntroduction: The immune system of the body that supports life systems represents the most significant function in the body protection against various foreign substances (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, allergens, a modified cell components of transplanted organs and tissues). The most common type of immune system disorders is immunodeficiency - that is subdivided into primary (hereditary, genetic) and secondary ones (acquired). In the immunodeficiency correction are used the immunomodulators. A large number of drugs and groups of immunotropic agents groups caused a variety of approaches and principles of systematization of these drugs, but according their criterion the impact on the certain parts of immunity has been observed. In the last years, the special interest has their analogs that were derived from insects, which can exhibit antiviral, antifungal, antitumor and immunomodulatory effects. The purpose of the study: The study of immunotropic properties of entomological drug like imupurin, the action definition point and application. Materials and Methods: In vitro and in vivo experiments the effect of imupurin nonspecific resistance, phagocytosis, the content of B - lymphocytes, T- lymphocytes and their subpopulations according to the guidelines there were studied. Nonspecific resistance was evaluated according to the study drug effect of 100 and 1000 mg per animal, on the survival mice after lethal dose of (1DCL) Staphylococcus aureus. Imupurin influence on the phagocytic activity of neutrophils and macrophages that were evaluated by the number of phagocytic neutrophils and macrophages, the number of phagocytose staphylococcus, phagocytic indexes and phagocytic types. Results and discussion: In the study of nonspecific resistance was determined that when in mice was administred lethal dose of S. aureus in the control group, the death of 100 % of the animals they were registered, while preliminary introduction of imupurin at 100 and 1000 meg improved the survival. In vivo experiments on mice imupurin influence study on phagocity activity of neutrophils and macrophages. The obtained study have demonstrated that imupurin in both doses increase in 3-3.5 times of phagocytic number and decreases respectively the nonfagocytic number of neutrophils and macrophages, as well as a number of staphylococcus phagocytosed to neutrophils and macrophages. The study in the reaction of imupurin immunotropic action on the B and T lymphocytes determined the reduction of lymphocytes percentage in T - entomological drug with weak manifestation in immupodepressive actions regarding to the content of T-lymphocytes and immunomodulatory against B lymphocytes confirmed by modulation index. Conclusions: (1) Entomological drug imupurin shows immunotropic properties that lead to the increase nonspecific resistance, the phagocytic activity of macrophages and neutrophils and phagocytic index. (2) Imupurin has immunomodulatory effects on cellular and humoral immunity and functional activity of neutrophils

ANALYSIS OF EARTHQUAKES AVAILABLE INFLUENCE ON „ESTONIA” MINE UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION STABILITY

The processes of immediate roof exfoliation and pillars collapse accompanies by significant subsidence of the ground surface. Ground surface subsidence causes soil erosion and flooding, swamp formation, agricultural damage, deforestation, changes in landscape, ground water level decreasing and the formation unstable cavities. During experimental measurement of immediate roof absolute deformation on "Estonia" mine three earthquakes were registered. The main reason of investigation has served jumping characteristic of absolute deformation near a pillar after earthquake. Method of final elements for analysis of deformation modelling is used. Seismic risk assessment for underground constructions stability is presented in this study

Sustainability Assessment Methods In Oil Shale Mine Closure

The post mining processes impacts on the environment, economy and people, whilst there may be positive contributions to the economy and social progress through mining there may also are negative impacts to the environment. The aim of this study is to elaborate sustainability assessment methodologies suitable for mine closure life cycle stage which allows defining hazardous influences on environment, society and economic dimensions, and helps quickly, conveniently and qualitatively solve, operate, find optimum variants for existing problems. The sustainability assessment methods will provides best decisions on the technological and post technological processes of a mining industry and can be used in the exploration, planning, exploitation and closure stages

THE SURFACE MINER SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGY INTRODUCTION FOR OIL-SHALE MINING IN ESTONIA

The paper introduces a high-selective oil-shale mining technology and the first results of surface miner Wirtgen 2500SM tests. The technology allows to decrease oil-shale loses from 10-15% up to 5-7%. Mining process of the surface miner has a lower disturbing impact, which is topical in open pits and quarries especially in densely populated areas. The low level of dust and noise emissions and also very’ low vibration are arguments to mine oil shale with surface miner instead of drilling-blasting operations. The risk analysis for testing technology was elaborated

RISK ANALYSIS OF THE PILLAR STRENGTH IN THE ESTONIA MINE

This paper deals with the risk analysis and assessment of the pillars strength problems in the Estonia oil shale mine. Aim of this investigation was to determine the strength parameters and predict the bearing capacity of the pillars in Estonia mine, mining block No. 3107 Methods were based on theoretical investigation and experimental data of in-situ conditions. It is given the geological description of the mining block and determined the strength parameters, moisture content and volume density of the oil shale and limestone layers. Analysis showed that the used risk analysis method is applicable for Estonian oil shale mines. The results of the risk analysis are of particular interest for practical purposes

Surgery management in diabetic foot

Introduction: The present problem of the diabetic foot is valid everywhere by Sent Vincent declaration, received in 1989. Here especially we can find the problem of increasing incidence of diabetes and the importance of through studies of diabetic foot. But the problem of surgical diabetic foot remains still open. This complication is ended with mutilating amputations in 80-83% cases. The goal of this study was to determine the surgical tactics in patients with diabetic foot, as well as the level of amputation. Materials and Methods: 98 diabetic patients were studied for the main complaint of diabetic foot, being admitted to the septic surgery of the municipal hospital No. 1 in 2011. Patients ranged from age 42 to 78. Ration men-women, was practically equal 1:1. Type 1 diabetes was recorded in 91% patients. Record character of plantar conditions were as follows: the plantar gangrene or two and more fingers - in 44 cases (44.8%), dry gangrene of one or more fingers-20 (20.1%), phlegmon - in 25 cases (25.5%), and trophic ulcers of the plant and calacaneus-9 (7.5%). Results: Patients in the study group were treated by means of different methods: in 16 cases we used the open method of treatment of the infected wound, dressings daily, necrectomies and medication in order to improve the blood circulation. 82(83.7%) patients were operated in the study group. The following surgery was performed: (I) Processing of surgical phlegmon with repeated necrectomies -25 (30.4%) of 82 operations; (II) Wide amputation at the thigh and ankle - 14 (17.0%); (III) Lower amputations (exarticulations of fingers, partial amputation of the foot sole - 30 (36.8%); (IV) Reconstructive operations on vessels (deep plastic surgery, by pass ileo-femoral) - 7 (0.8%); (V) Transplantation of skin was performed in order to cover defects-6 (0.7%). 4(0.4%)died patients in the study group,two of them with poliorganic background failure were not operated. 72 (73.6%) patients were discharged in a satisfactory condition and 22 (26.0%) continued their treatment in out- patient department Unoperated patients were discharged after 12-18 days in a satisfactory condition, when wounds were healed or were in the process of grain, to extend the outpatient treatment. Conclusions: Patients with serious complications of diabetes, diabetic plantar is hospitalized in specialized sections later, when they have gangrene or necrosis and flegmons. For reasons of, reconstructive operations are quite low (0.8%). In the study group prevailed mostly, wide and low amputations (53.8%). Diabetic phlegmon, requiring debridement and daily necrectomies with a recovery rate of 15 - to 32 days