Nasal In Situ Gel: Novel Approach for Nasal Drug Delivery

Nasal delivery is an alternative to oral or parenteral administration due to certain limitations such as absorption of the drug, drug targeting to particular organs can cause a problem for administration through oral route.  The nasal route has also been successfully used for bypassing the blood-brain barrier and afterword delivering drug molecules to the central nervous system. Also, lag time related to oral drug delivery is reduces by this route and offers noninvasiveness, self-medication, patient comfort, and patient compliance. Extend drug delivery can be attained by different new dosage forms like in situ gel. In situ formulations are drug delivery systems. The in-situ gelling system is a process in which the solution forms of a gel before administration in the body, but once administrated, it undergoes gelation in-situ, to form a gel. In situ gelling system becomes very popular nowadays because of their several advantages over conventional drug delivery systems like a sustained and prolonged release of a drug, reduced Frequency of administration, improved patient compliance and comfort. Approaches towards the various formulation of in-situ gel concerning temperature, pH, and physicochemical conditions. The in situ gel-forming polymeric formulations offer several advantages like sustained and prolonged action reduced Frequency of administration, in comparison to conventional drug delivery systems.  From a manufacturing point of view, the production of such systems is less complex and thus lowers the investment and manufacturing cost. Various evaluation parameters are considered during the preparation of In-Situ gel. Keywords: Nasal Drug Delivery, In Situ gel, gelation, polymers, et

Sensor Node Failure Detection Using Round Trip Path in WSNs

Now a days, applications of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has been increased due to its vast potential to connect the physical world to the practical world. Also, advancement in microelectronic fabrication technology reduced the cost of manufacturing convenient wireless sensor nodes and now it becomes a trend to deploy the large numbers of wireless sensors in WSNs so that to increase the quality of service (QoS). The QoS of such WSNs is mainly affected by the faulty or malfunctioning sensor nodes. Probability of sensor node failure increases if number of sensor node increases in the network. For maintaining the better QoS under failure conditions such faulty sensor node should be detected and it should be removed. In this proposed method, faulty sensor node is detected by calculating the round trip delay (RTD) time of round trip paths and comparing them with threshold value. This proposed method is tested with three sensors Nodes designed using microcontroller, sensor and ZigBee. The main server section which will display the failure sensor node is also designed using microcontroller and ZigBee

A Conserved Microbial Motif ‘Traps’ Protease Activation in Host Immunity

A recent study (Misas-Villamil et al., Nat. Commun., 2019) reveals that Pit2, an apoplastic effector of the corn smut fungus Ustilago maydis, contains an embedded motif of 14 amino acids that binds to and inhibits plant cysteine proteases, thereby modulating host immunity. Intriguingly, the inhibitory motif acts by mimicking the protease substrate and is conserved across microbial kingdoms

Towards realization of universal quantum teleportation using weak measurements

Noise is a major hurdle in realizing quantum technologies as it affects quantum protocols like teleportation, dense coding. It is possible to use techniques like weak measurements to reduce the noise effect and protect quantum correlations. This work addresses the extent of applicability of weak measurements to enhance the efficiency of the quantum teleportation of a qubit through a noisy quantum channel, aiming towards universal quantum teleportation. Due to the effects of noise, the average fidelity of teleportation tends to vary; weak measurements can reduce these fidelity deviations to a value close to zero. We also study the effect of memory and its impact on fidelity and fidelity deviations in the proposed teleportation protocol. The memory effects, with the aid of weak measurement and its reversal, are shown to give better results for teleportation. The extent of applicability of the proposed protocol for protecting quantum correlations, under the influence of different noise channels, are studied in the present work

Misuse of Service Pistol in a Dyadic Death

Background: Homicide followed by the perpetrator's suicide commonly seen in dyadic death. The time lag between homicide and suicide is very less. Dyadic deaths are rare in occurrence and their nature varies in each case. Also, the causes of death in suicide and homicide are different but it may be same in few cases. Perpetrators are usually male and always use weapons that are easily available in their vicinity for homicide and suicide.Case Report: We received two calls, one hour apart from a local police station in South Mumbai, regarding death due to firearm injuries. At the first crime scene, we found a forty-year policeman with a contact shot over the right temporal region. Subsequently, we visited second crime scene that was 100 meters away from the first crime scene. We observed a forty-eight-year-old female with contact shot over the sternal region. Initially investigating authorities mystified over two deaths due to the firearm. We collected evidence from crime scenes. We performed autopsies at the tertiary care teaching hospital. We studied role of perpetrator dyadic death and constructed a crime scene.Conclusion: Meticulous efforts revealed a dyadic death i.e. murder followed by suicide due to an extra-marital relationship and monetary dispute. Also, the misuse of service pistol (issued by police department) by the perpetrator for killing the victim and himself

Programmed labour compared with expectant management: is it truly a need of new millennium?

Background: The mechanism triggering the initiation of human parturition is still an enigma. At term a series of complex physiological, biochemical and physical processes cascade resulting in delivery of the fetus. This study deals exclusively with comparison of normal labour, induction of labour with prostaglandin, and with augmentation by intracervical insertion of PGE2 tablets, amniotomy and smooth muscle relaxant. Advantages and disadvantages of each of the above methods are compared with expectant management of labour. Aim of this study was to compare pros and cons of programmed labour that to with expectant management.Methods: Study was conducted in Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Bharati Hospital and Research Centre, Pune. It was a prospective randomized clinical trial. 100 pregnant full term women, were selected for each group. At 0 hour primiprost tablet is inserted into the vagina close to the cervix. Frequency of repetition of tablet will be at three hours interval. Patient will be monitored.Results: The youngest one being of age 17 years and the eldest being of age 29 years. In this, we observed those primi and 2nd gravida patients 2-2 tablets each in latent phase and 1-1 tablets in active phase. The induction delivery Interval in primigravida was observed to be of average of 9 hours. While in II Gravida was 6.5 hours, in III Gravida 5.5 hours and in IV Gravida 4 hours.Conclusions: It has been proved beyond doubt that by programmed labour, the patient definitely can get the benefit of decrease in duration of labour

Soil Metagenomics: Concepts and Applications

Soil is a living entity of the Earth, and considered as one of the main reservoir of microbial diversity. Studying the soil microbial diversity is very much necessary, as they play an important role in maintaining the health of soil by recycling the nutrients, creating soil structure and humus. However, the culture dependent approaches fail to provide clear estimates of the diversity and untapped resources. Hence, study of the microbial diversity using culture independent approaches become necessary. The field of metagenomics helps in studying the genomes of the diverse soil organisms collectively in their natural habitat which holds the promising for accessing novel genetic resources. Application of the metagenomics to the soil environment is very challenging due to several difficulties; one of which is co-extraction of humic acid with nucleic acids which hinder downstream high throughout processes. However, applying sequencing methods to soil microbial communities will help in uncovering the hidden resources like novel genes, biomolecules and other valuable products which are yet to be discovered or still unknown. Different culture independent techniques and applications of the metagenomics to study the abundant microflora of the complex and changing environment of soil discussed herein

Evaluation of efficacy of injection ferric carboxymaltose in pregnant women

Background: Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) continues to be a very common problem in developing countries leading to a spectrum of adverse events in pregnant women. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy, side effects and tolerance of ferric carboxymaltose as compared to available iron preparations for the prophylaxis and treatment of mild to moderate iron deficiency anaemia during pregnancy.Methods: One-year clinical study (from June 2017 to May 2018). A total 100 patients were enrolled after matching inclusion and exclusion criteria. The efficacy assessment was performed during 4, 8, and 12 weeks of starting therapy. If the patient is not responding to therapy in either arm as documented by no rise or fall in haemoglobin levels patients may be removed from study for other therapy. Treatment duration up to 12 weeks. Safety and efficacy follow-up visit at 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Institutional ethics committee permission was taken.Results: On intra-group comparisons there was significant increase in haemoglobin levels at 8 and 12 weeks in oral iron group as compared to day 1 haemoglobin levels while there was significant increase in haemoglobin levels at 4, 8 and 12 weeks in IV iron group as compared to day 1 haemoglobin levels. On intergroup comparisons between oral and IV iron group, there was significant increase in haemoglobin levels at 4, 8 and 12 weeks in IV iron group as compared oral iron group haemoglobin levels.Conclusions: Intravenous iron therapy with ferric carboxymaltose causes significant improvement in haemoglobin more quickly and more effective in correcting iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy compared to oral treatment in terms of increase in haemoglobin levels at 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Intravenous ferric carboxymaltose is safe and effective option for pregnant women with iron deficiency anaemia

Recognition of Marathi Newsprint Text Using Neural Network and Genetic Algorithm

Now a day there are many new methodologies required for the increasing needs in newly emerging areas, with this methodologies there are many techniques are present for the character recognition of handprint Devanagri, Bengali, Tamil, China etc. But very little research is for printed material. So in our project we propose the recognition of devnagari printed text using neural network and genetic algorithm. In India, more than 300 million people use Devanagari script for documentation. There has been a significant improvement in the research related to the recognition of printed as well as handwritten Devanagari text in the past few years.. All feature-extraction techniques as well as training, classification and matching techniques useful for the recognition are discussed in various sections of the paper. An attempt is made to address the most important results reported so far and it is also tried to highlight the beneficial directions of the research till date. Moreover, the paper also contains a comprehensive bibliography of many selected papers appeared in reputed journals and conference proceedings as an aid for the researchers working in the field of Devanagari printed text using neural network and genetic algorithm. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.160411