Spatially resolved femtosecond pump-probe study of topological insulator Bi2Se3

Carrier and phonon dynamics in Bi2Se3 crystals are studied by a spatially resolved ultrafast pump-probe technique. Pronounced oscillations in differential reflection are observed with two distinct frequencies, and are attributed to coherent optical and acoustic phonons, respectively. The rising time of the signal indicates that the thermalization and energy relaxation of hot carriers are both sub-ps in this material. We found that the thermalization and relaxation time decreases with the carrier density. The expansion of the differential reflection profile allows us to estimate an ambipolar carrier diffusion coefficient on the order of 500 square centimeters per second. A long-term slow expansion of the profile shows a thermal diffusion coefficient of 1.2 square centimeters per second.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figure

Magnetothermoelectric properties of Bi2Se3

We present a study of entropy transport in Bi2Se3 at low temperatures and high magnetic fields. In the zero-temperature limit, the magnitude of the Seebeck coefficient quantitatively tracks the Fermi temperature of the 3D Fermi surface at \Gamma-point as the carrier concentration changes by two orders of magnitude (10$^{17}$ to 10$^{19}$cm$^{-3}$). In high magnetic fields, the Nernst response displays giant quantum oscillations indicating that this feature is not exclusive to compensated semi-metals. A comprehensive analysis of the Landau Level spectrum firmly establishes a large $g$-factor in this material and a substantial decrease of the Fermi energy with increasing magnetic field across the quantum limit. Thus, the presence of bulk carriers significantly affects the spectrum of the intensively debated surface states in Bi2Se3 and related materials.Comment: 10 pages, 9 figure

Declining magma supply to a poroelastic magma mush explains long-term deformation at Soufrière Hills Volcano

This is the final version. Available on open access from Elsevier via the DOI in this record. Data availability: The data supporting this study can be acquired from the Montserrat Volcano Observatory (MVO) upon a collaboration agreement.Volcano deformation studies traditionally consider melt-dominated magma reservoirs, often overlooking the significant role of poroelastic mush in modifying surface deformation. Here, we analyze the deformation of Soufrière Hills Volcano (SHV) with a focus on a mush-dominated, poroelastic magma reservoir, drawing on temporal deformation data from 14 continuous GPS stations during the ongoing intra-eruptive unrest period. We implemented a 3D Finite Element model and optimization to simulate the observed deformation. Our results reveal that the deformation is likely driven by ongoing, melt injection (Q = 1.1 m³ sec⁻¹) into a low permeability (k = 4.7 × 10⁻¹⁰ m²) reservoir with the injection to the base of the reservoir at 16.5 km depth below sea level. Our findings highlight temporal variations in the melt injection rate to fit the decreasing GPS-recorded deformation rates. An initial injection rate Qi = 1.9 m³ sec⁻¹ inferred at the start of our study period decreases to Qf = 0.3 m³ sec⁻¹ over a 12-year period (2010–2022). Exploratory forward modeling suggests that if current trends continue, the end of magma supply to our modelled reservoir could occur around June 2024 ± 2 years. However, this does not imply the end of associated volcanic hazards at SHV, as the poroelastic diffusion of melt will continue, causing redistribution of melt, surface deformation, and potentially initiating reservoir rupture. While our models offer new insights, inherent limitations in our simulations include interdependencies among our explored model parameters that would benefit from further refinement. Despite these limitations, the study offers crucial guidance on understanding and forecasting volcano deformation dynamics, particularly for volcanoes like SHV with crystal-rich magma reservoirs.University of Exete

Topographical effects on volcano deformation signal intensity: implications for GPS network configuration

This is the final version. Available from the American Geophysical Union via the DOI in this record. Data Availability Statement: All GPS data supporting this study are not publicly available, but can be obtained from the Montserrat Volcano Observatory (MVO) upon establishment of a signed, mutually-beneficial, collaboration agreement that includes a data license. This policy supports the continuous monitoring work of the MVO, and fosters partnerships respectful of the difficulties of managing a current eruptive episode. The policy is in agreement with the “Best-practice Engagement Protocols for International Collaborations”, produced by the IAVCEI International Network for Collaboration in Volcanology (IAVCEI-INVOLC) commission and endorsed by IAVCEI (https://involc.iavceivolcano.org/engagement-protocols-for-international-collaboration-2). Some GPS data are publicly available in the UNAVCO/EarthScope archive (https://www.unavco.org/data/gps-gnss/gps-gnss.html)Volcano GPS networks can capture vital information during volcanic unrest to aid with hazard assessment and eruption forecasting, but can be hindered by their discrete point locations and possibly miss key spatial information. We show how numerical models can reveal controls on spatial deformation signal intensity compared against GPS network design. Using the GPS network at Soufrière Hills Volcano (SHV), Montserrat, and a range of models, we explore expected surface deformation patterns. Peak horizontal deformation is located offshore, highlighting the difficulties with geodetic monitoring on small ocean-island volcanoes. Onshore areas where the deformation signal is expected to be high are also identified. At SHV, topography plays a greater role in altering the relative distribution of surface displacement patterns than subsurface heterogeneity. Our method, which can be adapted for other volcanoes, highlights spatial areas that can be targeted for effective GPS station placement to help improve deformation monitoring efficiency

Relações quantidade-intensidade de potássio em solos do Rio Grande do Sul

The Q/I approach was applied to evaluate the K status of eleven representative soils from Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). The Q/I parameters, labile K (Kc), solution K (ARko) and potential buffering capacity (BCk) were correlated respectively with exchangeable K, % K-saturation and cation exchange capacity determined with 1M NH4Cl. When 0.002M CaCl2 was used as the equilibration solution some of the Ca displaced exchangeable Al from the very acid soils which resulted in an undesirable displacement of the Q/I curve. As a consequence, the Q/I parameters were not comparable among soils.O sistema Q/I foi usado para avaliar o estado do K em 11 solos representativos do Rio Grande do Sul. Os parâmetros Q/I, K+ equilibrável (Kc), K+ em solução (ARko) e capacidade tampão (BCk) estão correlacionados respectivamente com K+ trocável, % K-saturação e capacidade de troca de cátions determinados com 1M NH4Cl. Quando 0,002M CaCl2 foi usado como solução de referência, parte do Ca2+ deslocou Al3+ trocável dos solos muito ácidos, o que resultou em um indesejável deslocamento da curva Q/I. Como consequência, os parâmetros Q/I não são comparáveis entre solos

High pressure transport properties of the topological insulator Bi2Se3

We report x-ray diffraction, electrical resistivity, and magnetoresistance measurements on Bi2Se3 under high pressure and low temperature conditions. Pressure induces profound changes in both the room temperature value of the electrical resistivity as well as the temperature dependence of the resistivity. Initially, pressure drives Bi2Se3 towards increasingly insulating behavior and then, at higher pressures, the sample appears to enter a fully metallic state coincident with a change in the crystal structure. Within the low pressure phase, Bi2Se3 exhibits an unusual field dependence of the transverse magnetoresistance that is positive at low fields and becomes negative at higher fields. Our results demonstrate that pressures below 8 GPa provide a non-chemical means to controllably reduce the bulk conductivity of Bi2Se3

Topological insulator quantum dot with tunable barriers

Thin (6-7 quintuple layer) topological insulator Bi2Se3 quantum dot devices are demonstrated using ultrathin (2~4 quintuple layer) Bi2Se3 regions to realize semiconducting barriers which may be tuned from Ohmic to tunneling conduction via gate voltage. Transport spectroscopy shows Coulomb blockade with large charging energy >5 meV, with additional features implying excited states

The INtegrated CAtchment model of phosphorus dynamics (INCA-P): description and demonstration of new model structure and equations

INCA-P is a dynamic, catchment-scale phosphorus model which has been widely applied during the last decade. Since its original release in 2002, the model structure and equations have been significantly altered during several development phases. Here, we provide the first full model description since 2002 and then test the latest version of the model (v1.4.4) in a small rural catchment in northeast Scotland. The particulate phosphorus simulation was much improved compared to previous model versions, whilst the latest sorption equations allowed us to explore the potential time lags between reductions in terrestrial inputs and improvements in surface water quality, an issue of key policy relevance. The model is particularly suitable for use as a research tool, but should only be used to inform policy and land management in data-rich areas, where parameters and processes can be well-constrained. More long-term data is needed to parameterise dynamic models and test their predictions