Pre-referral rectal artesunate in severe malaria: flawed trial

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Immediate injectable treatment is essential for severe malaria. Otherwise, the afflicted risk lifelong impairment or death. In rural areas of Africa and Asia, appropriate care is often miles away. In 2009, Melba Gomes and her colleagues published the findings of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of rectal artesunate for suspected severe malaria in such remote areas. Enrolling nearly 18,000 cases, the aim was to evaluate whether, as patients were in transit to a health facility, a pre-referral artesunate suppository blocked disease progression sufficiently to reduce these risks. The affirmative findings of this, the only trial on the issue thus far, have led the WHO to endorse rectal artesunate as a pre-referral treatment for severe malaria. In the light of its public health importance and because its scientific quality has not been assessed for a systematic review, our paper provides a detailed evaluation of the design, conduct, analysis, reporting, and practical features of this trial.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We performed a checklist-based and an in-depth evaluation of the trial. The evaluation criteria were based on the CONSORT statement for reporting clinical trials, the clinical trial methodology literature, and practice in malaria research. Our main findings are: The inclusion and exclusion criteria and the sample size justification are not stated. Many clearly ineligible subjects were enrolled. The training of the recruiters does not appear to have been satisfactory. There was excessive between center heterogeneity in design and conduct. Outcome evaluation schedule was not defined, and in practice, became too wide. Large gaps in the collection of key data were evident. Primary endpoints were inconsistently utilized and reported; an overall analysis of the outcomes was not done; analyses of time to event data had major flaws; the stated intent-to-treat analysis excluded a third of the randomized subjects; the design-indicated stratified or multi-variate analysis was not done; many improper subgroups were analyzed in a post-hoc fashion; the analysis and reporting metric was deficient. There are concerns relating to patient welfare at some centers. Exclusion of many cases from data analysis compromised external validity. A bias-controlled reanalysis of available data does not lend support to the conclusions drawn by the authors.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This trial has numerous serious deficiencies in design, implementation, and methods of data analysis. Interpretation and manner of reporting are wanting, and the applicability of the findings is unclear. The trial conduct could have been improved to better protect patient welfare. The totality of these problems make it a flawed study whose conclusions remain subject to appreciable doubt.</p

Eating practices, nutritional status and constipation in patients with Rett syndrome Práticas alimentares, estado nutricional e constipação intestinal na síndrome de Rett

BACKGROUND: Disturbance in chewing, swallowing and digestive motility may predispose to feeding and nutritional abnormalities in patients with Rett syndrome. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the dietary habits, nutritional status and the prevalence of constipation in patients with classical Rett syndrome. METHODS: Twenty seven female patients between the ages of 2.6 and 21.8 years were studied. The following parameters were evaluated: food register, weight, height and intestinal movement characteristics. Weight and height were compared with the National Center for Health Statistics standards. RESULTS: The inability to ingest solid foods was observed in 80.8% of the patients. A height-to-age deficit was observed in 13 (48.1%) of the girls, being more intense in patients at stage IV. Weight-for-height deficit was found in 10 (37.0%) patients, 15 (55.6%) showed normal weight and 2 (7.4%) were overweight for their height. The median ingestion of energy, according to weight-for-height, was equal to 106.6%. Insufficient iron ingestion was observed in 63.0% and insufficient calcium in 55.6% of the patients. Constipation was verified in 74.1% of the patients and did not show a relationship with the quantity of fiber in the diet. CONCLUSION: Various nutritional problems, as well as, intestinal constipation were observed in these patients with Rett syndrome, and they must be considered in the multidisciplinary therapeutic planning of these individuals.<br>RACIONAL: Distúrbios na mastigação, deglutição e motilidade digestiva podem predispor pacientes com síndrome de Rett à ocorrência de anormalidades nutricionais. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar as práticas alimentares, o estado nutricional e a prevalência de constipação na síndrome de Rett clássica. MÉTODOS: Estudaram-se 27 pacientes do sexo feminino, com idade entre 2,6 e 21,8 anos. Avaliaram-se os seguintes parâmetros: registros alimentares, peso, estatura, características do hábito intestinal. Peso e estatura foram comparados com os valores do Centro Nacional para Estatísticas da Saúde (EUA). RESULTADOS: Incapacidade para ingerir alimentos sólidos foi observada em 80,8% das pacientes. Déficit de estatura foi observado em 13 (48,1%) meninas, sendo mais intenso nas pacientes no estágio IV. Déficit de estatura para a idade foi observado em 13 (48,1%) pacientes. Em 10 (37,0%) pacientes encontrou-se déficit de peso para a estatura, 15 (55,6%) apresentaram peso normal e duas (7,4%) sobrepeso para a estatura. A ingestão mediana de energia, segundo o peso para a estatura foi igual a 106,6%. Ingestão insuficiente de ferro foi observada em 63% e de cálcio em 55,6% das pacientes. Constipação foi verificada em 74,1% das pacientes e não apresentou relação com a quantidade de fibra alimentar na dieta. CONCLUSÃO: Observou-se elevada ocorrência de problemas nutricionais e de constipação intestinal, que devem ser considerados no planejamento terapêutico multidisciplinar destinado às pacientes com síndrome de Rett