Lateral mixing in the deep water of the South Atlantic Ocean

The deep-sea circulation of the Atlantic has recently been carefully analyzed by Wiist (1935) who, on the basis of the tongue-like distribution of temperature and salinity, has drawn conclusions as to the direction of flow at different depths. He considers that an exchange of deep :water between the North Atlantic Ocean and the Antarctic Ocean is maintained by a flow to the north along the bottom of Antarctic water and a flow to the south at lesser depths of North Atlantic deep water and Mediterranean water

Note on the correlation of reversing thermometers

Corrections have to be applied to the readings of protected and unprotected reversing thermometers because they are read at a temperature that differs from that at the time of reversal. In deriving these corrections it is generally assumed that Feruglio\u27s (1912) equation [(5) below] is exact. It is shown here that Feruglio\u27s equation is not quite exact, but a close approximation. From this equation practical formulae, equations (6) and (8) below, can be derived very simply without further sacrifice of accuracy

On the process of upwelling

The phenomenon of upwelling which is present along many coasts has been discussed from various points of view. A general explanation of the phenomenon has been given by application of Ekman\u27s theory of winddriven currents (Thorade, 1909; McEwen, 1912), and emphasis has been put on the velocity of the vertical motion (McEwen, 1934) or on the depth from which water is brought to the surface (Gunther, 1936; Sverdrup, 1930)...

On the annual and diurnal variation of the evaporation from the oceans

The average annual evaporation of the oceans in different latitudes can be considered fairly well established (Mosby, 1936, Wtist, 1936), but so far little is known as to the character of the annual and the diurnal variations. Helland-Hansen (1930) has pointed out that evaporation will be facilitated if the sea surface is warmer than the air, whereas evaporation will decrease or cease if the sea surface is colder...

Classic Article: On the process of upwelling

The phenomenon of upwelling which is present along many coasts has been discussed from various points of view. A general explanation of the phenomenon has been given by application of Ekman’s theory of wind driven currents (Thorade 1909; McEwen 1912), and emphasis has been put on the velocity of the vertical motion (McEwen 1934) or on the depth from which water is brought to the surface (Sverdrup 1930; Gunther 1936). Defant (1936) has discussed the horizontal and vertical motion and the distribution of density within the region of upwelling off the coast of southwest Africa, but his analysis is based on average surface conditions and on the results of a few, widely spaced oceanographic stations. His schematic representation of the currents in a vertical section at right angles to the coast appears misleading, since the vertical motion shown in the region of upwelling necessitates the existence of a horizontal divergence within this region. But a divergence is indicated only at the offshore border of this area..

On the evaporation from the oceans

In a preceding paper… the author attempted a computation of the evaporation from the sea on the basis of the assumptions that: 1. A boundary layer exists next to the surface within which transport of water vapor takes place by ordinary diffusion. 2. Above the boundary layer the transport of water vapor takes place by eddy conductivity. 3. The eddy conductivity, A, is, according to laboratory results, a linear function of the altitude above the sea and depends upon the roughness of the surface…

The place of physical oceanography in oceanographic research

Talking here at Woods Hole about the place of physical oceanography in oceanographic research is comparable to carrying coals to Newcastle. In no other locality are gathered so many institutions engaged in marine research, and nowhere exist such unique opportunities for integrated oceanographic research

Distribution of diatoms in relation to the character of water masses and currents off southern California in 1938

In 1938 the E.W. Scripps made six cruises at intervals of two months, covering on each cruise the same area off the coast of southern California. The station plan is shown in Figure 37, but not all stations indicated in that figure could be occupied on each cruise owing to unfavorable weather conditions and the short time available for completion of the work. On all cruises observations of temperature, salinity, and oxygen were made between the surface and a depth of 600 meters...

Discussions on the relationships between meteorology and oceanography

G. E. R. DEACON: There must be some of you who, like me, did most of their seagoing 20 to 30 years ago and find it difficult to keep pace with the present urgency of introducing more precise reasoning into oceanography. This afternoon\u27s session dealing mainly with such precise arguments has not been easy to follow, and it is clear that there is much serious hard work ahead...