Metrical Positions and their Linguistic Realisations in Old Germanic Metres: A Typological Overview

This paper provides a typological account of Old Germanic metre by investigating its parametric variations that largely determine the metrical identities of the Old English Beowulf, the Old Saxon Heliand, and Old Norse eddic poetry (composed in fornyrðislag, málaháttr, or ljóðaháttr). The primary parameters to be explored here are the principle of four metrical positions per verse and the differing ways in which these constituent positions are aligned to linguistic material. On the one hand, the four-position principle works with a maximal strictness in Beowulf, and to a slightly lesser extent in fornyrðislag, whereas it allows for a wider range of deviations in verse size in the Heliand and ljóðaháttr. In málaháttr, however, the principle in itself gives way to the five-position counterpart. On the other hand, the variation in the metrical– linguistic alignment in the three close cognate metres may be generalised by positing the common scale, Heliand > Beowulf > fornyrðislag, for the decreasing likelihood of resolution, the increasing likelihood of suspending resolution, and the decreasing size of the drop

Long-Distance and Low-Radiation Waveguide Antennas for Wireless Communication Systems inside Tunnels

Wireless LAN usage is also increasing at construction and civil engineering sites, and the efficiency of ICT construction has increased due to the use of tablet PCs and network cameras. When constructing a wireless LAN environment, for example, a LAN cable may be laid from outside the tunnel, and a number of wireless access points (APs) may be installed. However, it is not advantageous to use a large number of APs because the system price increases significantly. We consider using a long leaky-wave antenna to provide one AP. The reason for using a leaky-wave antenna is that, since the total tunnel length is on the order of km, it is necessary to reduce the power radiated by the antenna as much as possible to provide a functional communication area over a long distance. To reduce such transmission losses, we used a waveguide. A waveguide is a low-loss line and can function as a low-loss and low-radiation leaky-wave antenna which is suitable for long-distance communications; this is accomplished by combining a waveguide with a low-radiation antenna mechanism. In this chapter, we report the development of a waveguide-type leaky-wave antenna and the development of a wireless LAN environment in a tunnel

Rehabilitation Using 13-Degree Forward Bending Poles for Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis After a Total Joint Replacement.

Here we evaluate the usefulness of 13-degree forward bending pole-assisted walking to promote the early discharge of rheumatoid arthritis patients after a total joint arthroplasty. We evaluated two male and six female rheumatoid arthritis patients with an average age of 64 who received a total hip or knee arthroplasty. We required them to perform pole-assisted walking five times a week for 20 minutes a day. Rehabilitation lasted 4-6 weeks until discharge. Clinical follow-up included mobility, physical strength and flexibility assessments. After 1 year of pole-assisted walking, two patients can play golf without the assistance of a cane. Patients who performed pole-assisted walking improved their walking speed 1 year after surgery by 5 seconds compared with speeds measured 4 weeks after surgery. Chair stand repetitions also increased over that time. Pole-assisted walking improved the stability and safety of the ambulation of rheumatoid arthritis patients after surgery. Patients also reported improved arm and leg strength. No falls were reported 5 years after surgery. This clinical trial is thought to be specific to patients with severe pain in many joints including knees and hips

Deposition of boehmite on carbon nanofibers using aluminum alkoxide and its thermal transformation

We attempted to prepare carbon nanofibers (CNFs) bonded chemically with alumina particles using acid-treated CNFs and aluminum secbutoxide. The structure and morphology of the boehmite deposited on the CNFs, the boundary between the CNFs and the deposited boehmite, and the thermal transformation of the deposited boehmite were investigated using Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The boehmite deposited not only particulately on the CNFs but also in a film-like manner on parts of the CNFs. In addition, the boehmite could deposit not only on the disordered inner walls of the CNFs but also on the ordered inner walls. By heating at 1200 degrees C, the boehmite on the CNFs was transformed into alpha-alumina and theta-alumina. At this time, some alumina particles, particularly those formed on the ordered inner walls of CNFs, fell out of the CNFs, and only those alumina particles which might chemically bond with CNFs remained on the CNFs. Finally, CNFs dotted with alumina particles with a size of <50 nm were obtained. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd and Techna Group S.r.l. All rights reserved.ArticleCERAMICS INTERNATIONAL. 41(10):13171-13178 (2015)journal articl

絵本の読み聞かせ事態における母子の音声同期化現象について

歳児前後の発達段階にある幼児に母親が絵本を読み聞かせるという場面において現出する両者の音声（発声）面の同期化現象を，幼児の発声同期化への志向性とその顕現特性，そしてそれに応じる母親の「引き込み戦略」という2つの観点から分析・検討した。1人の幼児を対象児として，その1歳11ケ月から2歳0ケ月までの約1ケ月間の間に成された述べ12回の読み聞かせにおいて認められた母親と幼児の同時発声現象を分析したところ，読み手でありながらも幼児が母親の発声（読み聞かせの発声）に同時化するべく同期発声していることが明らかにされた。そして，その発声の同時化は文を単位とした場合，その末尾において顕著であることから母親の読みの開始とともに潜在的な同期化が稼働し，母親の「引き込み」又は「同期化」戦略との相互作用の結果，文末で同時発声（「重なり」）が実現することがわかった。同時に，母親は幼児の発声的参加の意志を確認し，発声を促すだけではなく，自分の発声のタイミングを調整し，両者の声が同期するよう促す各種の方略を使用していることが確認された。この時期の読み聞かせとは母親が一方的に読み・聞かせ，幼児が受動的に聴くという活動ではなく，共鳴的な特性を帯びた母子間の「共同活動」なのである。It is well known that movements of body-parts and facial-expressions are synchronized with the speaker\u27s speech ("self-synchrony"; Condon & Sander, 1974). But, when synchrony occures between two-persons, it is called "interactional-synchory" (ibid.). The purpose of this study is to investigte the speech (-speech) interaction-al synchrony in the mother-to-child reading situation. This sort of interaction is one of the prototypic forms of communication. Subject was one pair of mother and her child. Observations were carried outtwelve times, which covered the child from her 23-to 24-months of ages. The simultaneously articulated segments of speech were collected and analyzed according to some categories. It was found that the child showed a tendency to synchronize with mother\u27s speech, and the mother, using some sorts of strategies, promoted the child to speak simultaneously with her. These findings suggest that reading is\u27nt an unidirectional activity, but is an unified and reciprocal one, in which a reader and a listener unseparably tie