Non-commutative hypergroup of order five

We prove that all hypergroups of order four are commutative and that there exists a non-comutative hypergroup of order five. These facts imply that the minimum order of non-commutative hypergroups is five even though the minimum order of non-commutative groups is six

膵腫瘍の遺伝子変異の解析およびその膵癌早期診断法への臨床的応用に関する研究

Thesis (Ph.D. in Medical Sciences)--University of Tsukuba, (A), no. 1559, 1996.3.25Includes supplementary treatis

Leakage-free electrolytes with different conductivity for non-volatile memory device utilizing insulator/metal ferromagnet transition of SrCoOx

The electrochemical switching of SrCoOx-based non-volatile memory with thin-film-transistor structure was examined by using liquid-leakage-free electrolytes with different conductivity (s) as the gate insulator. We first examined leakage-free water, which is incorporated in the amorphous (a-) 12CaO 7Al2O3 film with nanoporous structure (CAN), but the electrochemical oxidation/reduction of SrCoOx layer required the application of high gate voltage (Vg) up to 20 V for a very long retention-time (t) 40 minutes, primarily due to the low s (2.0 x 10-8 S cm-1 at RT) of leakage-free water.We then controlled the s of leakage-free electrolyte, infiltrated in the a-NaxTaO3 film with nanopillar array structure, from 8.0 x 10-8 S cm-1 to 2.5 x 10-6 S cm-1 at RT by changing the x = 0.01-1.0. As the result, the t, required for the metallization of SrCoOx layer under small Vg = -3 V, becomes two orders of magnitude shorter with increase of the s of the a-NaxTaO3 leakage-free electrolyte. These results indicate that the ion migration in the leakage-free electrolyte is the rate-determining step for the electrochemical switching, compared to the other electrochemical process, and the high s of the leakage-free electrolyte is the key factor for the development of the non-volatile SrCoOx-based electro-magnetic phase switching device

Latencies of Reflex Discharges in Some Oro-facial Reflexes of the Frog

Unitary reflex discharges were recorded from the branches of the trigeminal nerve innervating the submental and masseter muscles following electrical stimulation of the lingual branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve, the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve and the mandibular branch of the facial nerve. Reflex discharges were effectively elicited by repetitive electrical stimulation of afferent nerves, but the number of reflex impulses as well as the latencies varied from discharge to discharge. This suggests that the pathway of these reflexes is polysynaptic

Indirect reciprocity is sensitive to costs of information transfer

How natural selection can promote cooperative or altruistic behavior is a fundamental question in biological and social sciences. One of the persuasive mechanisms is "indirect reciprocity," working through reputation: cooperative behavior can prevail because the behavior builds the donor's good reputation and then s/he receives some reciprocal benefits from someone else in the community. However, an important piece missed in the previous studies is that the reputation-building process requires substantial cognitive abilities such as communication skills, potentially causing a loss of biological fitness. Here, by mathematical analyses and individual-based computer simulations, we show that natural selection never favors indirect reciprocal cooperation in the presence of the cost of reputation building, regardless of the cost-to-benefit ratio of cooperation or moral assessment rules (social norms). Our results highlight the importance of considering the cost of high-level cognitive abilities in studies of the evolution of humans' and animals' social behavior