Medicinal plants from open-air markets in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil as a potential source of new antimycobacterial agents

AbstractEthnopharmacological relevanceSeveral medicinal plants are traditionally traded in open-air markets in Rio de Janeiro State (Brazil) to treat tuberculosis (TB) and related symptoms.Aims of the studyConduct a survey in the open-air markets of 20 cities of Rio de Janeiro State to find medicinal plants that are popularly used to treat tuberculosis and other related diseases and assess their in vitro antimycobacterial activity.Materials and methodsWe used direct observation and semi-structured interviews and asked herbalists to list species (free listing) in order to gather data about the plant species most commonly used for lung problems. We calculated a Salience Index and acquired two species of “erva-de-passarinho” (mistletoe), Struthanthus marginatus and Struthanthus concinnus (Loranthaceae), commonly used to treat tuberculosis for a bioassay-guided isolation of the antimycobacterial active principles. Extracts, fractions and isolated compounds of both species were assayed in vitro against susceptible (H37Rv) and rifampicin-resistant (ATCC 35338) Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains.ResultsFrom the interviews, we generated a list of 36 plant species belonging to 12 families. The mistletoes Struthanthus marginatus and Struthanthus concinnus showed high Salience Index values among plants used to treat tuberculosis. Bioassay-guided fractionation of hexane extracts from both species led to the isolation and/or identification of steroids and terpenoids. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the extracts and isolated compounds ranged from 25 to 200μg/mL. Some of the isolated compounds have been previously assayed against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, others are reported here for the first time (obtusifoliol: MIC H37Rv 50μg/mL, MIC ATCC 35338 12.5μg/mL; 3-O-n-acil-lup-20(29)-en-3β,7β,15α-triol: MIC H37Rv 200μg/mL, MIC ATCC 35338 100μg/mL).ConclusionsThis study demonstrated the importance of ethnobotanical surveys in markets as a source for new drugs and also for scientific validation of folk medicine

HPLC/DAD/ESI-MS Analysis of Non-volatile Constituents of Three Brazilian Chemotypes of Lippia alba (Mill.) N. E. Brown:

Aqueous preparations and ethanolic extracts of three Brazilian chemotypes of Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Brown (Verbenaceae) were investigated for the chemical variability of their non volatile constituents by HPLC/DAD/ESI-MS analysis. The main class of compounds in all the extracts investigated was phenylpropanoids, mainly verbascoside, followed by the flavonoids tricin-7- O-diglucuronide (present in Lippia alba chemotypes 2 and 3), luteolin-7- O-glucuronide (present in L. alba chemotype 1) and mono-and di- O-glucuronic derivatives of apigenin and tricin. Four iridoids, geniposidic acid, theveside, 8- epi-loganin and mussaenoside were also identified

Analysis of the chemical composition of the essential oils extracted from Lippia lacunosa Mart. & Schauer and Lippia rotundifolia Cham. (Verbenaceae) by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Lippia lacunosa and L. rotundifolia (Verbenaceae) are two Brazilian species of complex taxonomic delimitation. The composition of the essential oils from leaves and flowers of these plants was investigated by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The major components of the essential oils of flowers and leaves of L. lacunosa were: myrcene (14.7% and 11.9%), myrcenone (45.2% and 64.2%), Z-ocimenone (5.7% and 5.2%), and E-ocimenone (14.7% and 4.1%), respectively; whereas in L. rotundifolia (flowers and leaves) were a-pinene (8.7% and 1.8%), myrcene (5.1% and 3.6%), limonene (26.0% and 7.9 %), cis-pinocamphone (4.5% and 3.1%) and myrtenal (22.3% and 16.7%), respectively. The essential oils from L. lacunosa exhibited a strong and pleasant mango aroma, which was related to the presence of myrcene and myrcenone. The marked differences in the chemical composition of their essential oils may represent a powerful tool for the botanical classification.Lippia lacunosa e L. rotundifolia são duas espécies brasileiras que formam um complexo de difícil delimitação taxonômica. A composição química do óleo essencial das folhas e flores dessas plantas foi investigada por cromatografia com fase gasosa (CG) e por cromatografia com fase gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG-EM). Principais constituintes dos óleos essenciais de L. lacunosa (flores e folhas): mirceno (14,7% e 11,9%), mircenona (45,2% e 64,2%), Z-ocimenona (5,7% e 5,2%), e E-ocimenona (14,7% e 4,1%), respectivamente; L. rotundifolia (flores e folhas): a-pineno (8,7% e 1,8%), mirceno (5,1% e 3,6%), limoneno (26,0% e 7,9 %), cis-pinocanfona (4,5% e 3,1%) e mirtenal (22,3% e 16,7%), respectivamente. Os óleos essenciais de L. lacunosa apresentaram um forte e agradável aroma de manga, que foi relacionado à presença de mirceno e mircenona. Diferenças fundamentais na composição química de seus óleos essenciais podem representar uma poderosa ferramenta na classificação botânica das espécies

Flowering, germination and rooting of cuttings of Lippia L. (Verbenaceae)

Lippia species from Cadeia do Espinhaço (MG, Brazil), were collected and established at the Botanical Experimental Station, Juiz de Fora, MG. The flowering of plants was evaluated in both natural and controlled conditions. Germination test was accomplished with seeds obtained from natural conditions. The rooting of cuttings was evaluated in plants cultivated in the Botanical Experimental Station. The majority of species blossomed either in the dry or in the rainy seasons. Only one species blooms in both seasons. At controlled conditions, the flowering period increased in species that flourish in the summer. Some species presented better germination with fresh collected seeds while others when the seeds were stored, evidencing both viability loss and seed dormancy. GA3 stimulates the germination in some species, while it inhibited or not influenced on others. Some species germinate better in the darkness, while others under white light. Some of them germinate in the light or in the darkness. Adventitious roots formation in cuttings of wild species was very low and did not vary in response to season variation and auxin concentration. On the other hand, rooting of cuttings of L. alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. varied in response both to season variation and to auxin types and concentration. This is the first report on physiological reproductive aspects of endemic Lippia species from the Cadeia do Espinhaço. The results indicate the possibility to use seeds in the propagation of wild Lippia species and, they also show that reproduction through conventional vegetative propagation techniques presents quite reduced efficiency.Plantas de dez espécies de Lippia foram coletadas na Cadeia do Espinhaço, MG, Brasil e cultivadas em canteiros em Juiz de Fora, MG. A época de florescimento das espécies de Lippia foi observada nos ambientes de origem e em canteiro. A germinação foi testada com sementes coletadas em ambiente natural. Os materiais estabelecidos ex situ foram avaliados quanto ao enraizamento de estacas. As análises das plantas em ambiente natural e das cultivadas em canteiro evidenciaram que a maioria das espécies estudadas apresenta floração no período seco (inverno), enquanto um menor número, no chuvoso (verão). Uma única espécie floresceu nessas duas estações. Em cultivo controlado, o período de floração das espécies com floração característica no verão foi aumentado. Algumas espécies germinaram melhor quando recém coletadas enquanto outras quando armazenadas, evidenciando a ocorrência de perda de viabilidade e de dormência. O GA3 estimulou a germinação em algumas espécies, enquanto inibiu ou não apresentou efeitos sobre outras. Sementes de algumas espécies germinaram melhor no escuro, enquanto de outras sob luz branca, existindo ainda espécies que germinaram tanto na luz quanto no escuro. O enraizamento das estacas das espécies não domesticadas de Lippia foi muito baixo, independente da estação do ano e da concentração da auxina. O enraizamento em estacas de L. alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. variou em resposta à época de coleta das estacas e quanto ao tipo e à concentração das auxinas utilizadas. Os resultados do presente trabalho constituem os primeiros relatos envolvendo a reprodução de espécies de Lippia endêmicas da Cadeia do Espinhaço. Eles indicam a possibilidade de utilização das sementes na propagação das plantas desse gênero e também evidenciam que a reprodução das plantas das espécies não domesticadas de Lippia através de técnicas convencionais de propagação assexuada apresenta eficiência bastante reduzida

Quick preparative separation of natural naphthopyranones with antioxidant activity by high-speed counter-current chromatography

The natural naphthopyranones paepalantine (1), paepalantine-9O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2) and paepalantine-9-O-β-D-allopyranosyl-(1→6)-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3) were separated in a preparative scale from the ethanolic extract of the capitula of Paepalanthus bromelioides by high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC). The solvent system used was composed of water-ethanol-ethyl acetate-hexane (10:4:10:4, v/v/v/v). This technique led to the separation of the three different naphthopyranone glycosides in pure form in approximately 7 hours. Paepalantine showed a good antioxidant activity when assayed by the DPPH radical spectrophotometric assay

Ethnopharmacological studies of Lippia origanoides

Lippia origanoides Kunth. Verbenaceae, is of great importance in the Brazilian traditional medicine. Because of it, this work had the purpose to contribute to the ethnopharmacological knowledge of L. origanoides through an ethnobotanical survey conducted within quilombola(maroon) communities of Oriximiná, Pará, Brazil. Among 254 plants cited in the survey, L. origanoides stood out among the ten most versatile species. The agreed main uses were to treat menstrual cramps, stomachache, and baby and postpartum colic. This could indicate a consensus of the informants to possible antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of L. origanoides.Therefore, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of L. origanoides extract (aerial parts) were assessed through thermal (hot plate) and chemical (formalin and acetic acid) models of nociception. A dose-dependent reduction in acetic acid-induced writhing was observed after treating mice with L. origanoidesextract. The same extract also inhibited significantly formalin-induced licking response and proved to have a central antinociceptive effect, in the hot plate test. This work demonstrates that L. origanoides is used specially by quilombola women from Oriximiná for disorders of the genitourinary system and that biological activities of this species could contribute to these uses. Furthermore, it was also observed antispasmodic, analgesic and antimicrobial uses of other species of the genus Lippia (Goniostachyum section), rich in thymol and carvacrol

Autorização de Acesso ao Conhecimento Tradicional Associado com fins de Bioprospecção: O Caso da UFRJ e da Associação de Comunidades Quilombolas de Oriximiná – ARQMO

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T19:01:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) 4.pdf: 367448 bytes, checksum: 4bbb5b2511f64d2e9e01e8968010fd83 (MD5) Previous issue date: 22Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Faculdade de Farmácia. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Núcleo de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Faculdade de Farmácia. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Universidade Federal Fluminense. Departamento de Antropologia. Programa de Pós-graduação em Antropologia. Niterói, RJ, Brasil.Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Núcleo de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Associação de Comunidades Remanescentes de Quilombos do Municipio de Oriximiná. Oriximiná, PA, Brasil.Embora a discussão sobre anuência prévia e repartição de benefícios tenha ganhado projeção no Brasil em 1992, com a Convenção sobre Diversidade Biológica e a ECO-92, somente 10 anos depois foi publicada a primeira legislação para dispor sobre a proteção, o acesso ao conhecimento tradicional associado (CTA) e a repartição de benefícios (MP 2186-16 de 2001). Quinze anos mais tarde foi emitida a primeira autorização de acesso ao CTA com fins de bioprospecção no Brasil, sendo esta para o presente trabalho. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste artigo é discutir, através de um estudo de caso, envolvendo a Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro e a Associação de Comunidades Remanescentes de Quilombo do Município de Oriximiná, as dificuldades para se obter a autorização de acesso pelo Conselho de Gestão do Patrimônio Genético, o laudo antropológico e o contrato de repartição de benefícios. Embora seja notório o despreparo do governo para lidar com o assunto, o que muitas vezes prejudica e inviabiliza a pesquisa nacional, por outro lado há os direitos das comunidades que devem ser respeitados, buscando-se que o acesso traga benefícios aos provedores do CTA. Assim, a garantia desses benefícios deve vir através do cumprimento da legislação vigente, que ainda necessita ser aperfeiçoada.Although the discussion about prior informed consent and sharing of the benefits has gained projection in Brazil in 1992, with the Convention on Biological Diversity and the ECO-92, only 10 years later the first legislation was published to dispose on the protection, the access to the traditional knowledge associate (CTA) and the sharing of benefits (MP 2186-16 of 2001). Fifteen years later the first authorization to CTA access for bioprospecting in Brazil was emitted, being this one for the present work. Thus, the aim of this article is to discuss, through a case study, involving the Federal University of Rio De Janeiro and the Association of Remaining Communities of Quilombo of the City of Oriximiná, the difficulties to get the authorization of access with the Directing Council of the Genetic Heritage, the anthropologic appraisal and the benefit sharing contract. Although it’s well-known the unpreparedness of the government to deal with the subject, many times harming and making impracticable the national research, on the other hand there are the rights of the communities that must be respected, hoping that the access to their knowledge may bring benefits to the purveyor of the CTA. Thus, the guarantee of these benefits must come through the fulfillment of the current law that still needs to be improved