Le rôle du droit international

All countries are equally sovereign and the faculty to contract international obligations is precisely an attribute of that sovereignty. Does this imply that when Human Rights are the object of international accords the signing countries abandon a part of their sovereignty ? It depends, of course, on the nature of the obligations that have been contracted. The author analyses the principal international instruments relating to Human Rights and evaluates the impact of obligations which affect the sovereignty of adhering countries

The varying morphology and aetiology of arterial aneurysms. A historical review

Swelling of the arteries of the extremities is an old disease and has been first reported in ancient Egyptian and Indian texts. The term ‘aneurysm’ has been introduced in the first century by Ruphus from Ephesus. From the beginning, distinction was made between spontaneous and posttraumatic aneurysms. Spontaneous aneurysms were mostly considered to be related to debilitation due to exertion. While the majority of traumatic aneurysms were due to accidental pricking of an artery during bloodletting. Arterial aneurysms of the aorta and its side branches were first reported in the 16th century. However, it has to be taken into consideration that post-mortem exams were not done before the Renaissance. Most aortic aneurysms were saccular, eroding the neighbouring organs. This is typical for syphilitic aneurysms. However, although suspected, syphilis has not been recognized as the primary cause of aortic aneurysm until the end of the 19th century. In the mean time, fusiform ‘degenerative atherosclerotic’ aneurysms, especially on the abdominal aorta, became more frequent. It is now generally accepted that the cause of this aneurysm is multifactorial and exciting scientific research is actually done to elucidate this complex pathology.Swelling of the arteries of the extremities is an old disease and has been first reported in ancient Egyptian and Indian texts. The term ‘aneurysm’ has been introduced in the first century by Ruphus from Ephesus. From the beginning, distinction was made between spontaneous and posttraumatic aneurysms. Spontaneous aneurysms were mostly considered to be related to debilitation due to exertion. While the majority of traumatic aneurysms were due to accidental pricking of an artery during bloodletting. Arterial aneurysms of the aorta and its side branches were first reported in the 16th century. However, it has to be taken into consideration that post-mortem exams were not done before the Renaissance. Most aortic aneurysms were saccular, eroding the neighbouring organs. This is typical for syphilitic aneurysms. However, although suspected, syphilis has not been recognized as the primary cause of aortic aneurysm until the end of the 19th century. In the mean time, fusiform ‘degenerative atherosclerotic’ aneurysms, especially on the abdominal aorta, became more frequent. It is now generally accepted that the cause of this aneurysm is multifactorial and exciting scientific research is actually done to elucidate this complex pathology

캄보디아 기술 및 직업 교육훈련에서의 공적개발원조(ODA) 역할

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 행정대학원 글로벌행정전공, 2020. 8. Lee, Suk Won.This study examines the roles and practices of Official Development Assistance (ODA) in promoting and supporting the development of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) in Cambodia. The study employed a qualitative approach, using in-depth interviews and semi-structured interviews, supplemented by a small-scale questionnaire survey. In this study, 16 key informants were from Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport, Ministry of Labour and Vocational Training and Development Partners such like KOICA, JICA, ADB, World Bank and so on, while eights institute directors were selected for the semi-structured interviews. Also 60 respondents were chosen for the survey. The findings of this study indicate that ODA have played crucial roles in promoting and supporting TVET by creating new educational infrastructures such as classrooms, storage facilities, staff rooms, and internship program and curriculum development in the study area. These supports were provided to TVET institutions in the form of grants, curriculum materials and for educational infrastructure development. However, some problems and challenges usually the ministries face in their practices of TVET promotion. These include disparities in terms of aid distribution, educational materials, curriculum and infrastructural development and teachers training. Of eight institutions studied, all institutions received aid in terms of grants, five of them received curriculum materials, two institutions received grants for infrastructure development and only one institution received grants for internship programs. Despite failure in some fronts, the ODA has contributed significantly to the development of TVET education in Cambodia.본 연구는 캄보디아 기술 및 직업 교육 훈련(TVET)의 개발을 촉진하고 지원하는 데 있어 ODA(공식 개발 지원)의 역할과 관행을 검토한다. 이 연구는 심층 인터뷰와 반구조화 면접을 이용한 질적 접근방식을 채택했으며, 소규모 설문 조사로 보완되었다. 본 연구에서는 교육청, 청소년체육부, 노동부, 직업훈련개발파트너(KOICA, JICA, ADB, 세계은행 등) 등 16개의 기관에서 정보를 수집했으며, 반구조화 면접에는 8대 연구소장이 선정되었다. 또한 60명의 응답자가 이 설문조사에 선택되었다. 본 연구의 결과는 ODA가 강의실, 저장시설, 직원 사무실, 인턴십 프로그램 및 교육과정 개발 등 새로운 교육 인프라를 구축하여 TVET를 홍보하고 지원하는 데 중요한 역할을 수행했음을 보여준다. 이러한 지원은 TVET 기관에 보조금, 커리큘럼 자료 및 교육 인프라 개발을 위한 형태로 제공되었다. 그러나 부처들은 TVET 홍보 관행에 있어 몇 가지 문제점과 도전에 직면해 있다. 여기에는 원조 분배, 교육 자료, 커리큘럼과 인프라 개발 및 교사 훈련이 해당된다. 연구 대상 8개 기관 중 모든 기관이 지원금을 받았고, 그 중 5개 기관은 커리큘럼 자료를 받았으며, 2개 기관은 인프라 개발을 위한 보조금을 받았고, 1개 기관만이 인턴십 프로그램에 대한 보조금을 받았다. 일부 측면에서는 실패한 부분이 있지만 공적개발원조는 캄보디아 TVET 교육 발전에 크게 기여했다.Chapter I: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Objective of the Study 3 1.3 Problem Statements 3 1.4 Research Question 4 1.5 Rationale 5 1.6 Significance of the study 5 1.7 Organization of the study 6 Chapter II: LITERATURE REVIEW 8 2.1 Concept of Aid Allocation 8 2.2 Aid and Development 11 2.3 Development and Development Model 11 2.4 Aid Effectiveness 14 2.5 Aid, Education and Development 15 2.5.1 Education and Development 16 2.5.2 Education and Economic Development 16 2.5.3 Education and Productivity 17 2.6 International Trend in TVET Assistance 19 2.7 Chapter Summary 21 Chapter III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 23 3.1 Research Design 23 3.2 Research Data Collection Tool 23 3.2.1 Individual Interviews 23 3.2.2 Secondary Data 24 3.3 Research Sample 25 3.4 Study Area 25 3.5 Ethical Consideration 26 Chapter IV: COUNTRY OVERVIEW 27 4.1 Cambodia's Socio Economic 27 4.2 Policy on Socio-Economic Development and Employment 32 4.3 Education and Skill Attainment 33 4.3.1 General Education 35 4.3.2 Higher Education 35 4.4 Educational and Skills Attainment of Workforce 37 4.5 Chapter Summary 39 Chapter V: RESEARCH ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 41 5.1 Technical and Vocational Education and Training in Cambodia 41 5.1.1 TVET System 41 5.1.2 Cambodia Qualification Framework 42 5.1.3 Institution and Location 43 5.1.4 TVET Enrollment 44 5.1.5 Number of Trainers 46 5.1.6 Challenges of Current TVET in Cambodia 48 5.3 Official Development Cooperation in Cambodia 52 5.3.1 ODA Disbursement by Development Partners 54 5.3.2 ODA Disbursement by Sector 56 5.3.3 ODA Supports to TVET and Higher Education in Cambodia 59 5.3.4 Utilization Patterns of Aid in the TVET Education 61 5.4 Survey Reponses to Development Cooperation Aid Program 63 5.4.1 Form of Development Cooperation Aid to TVET Institutions 63 5.4.2 Responses from TVET Institutions 64 5.4.2.1 State of the Institutions 64 5.4.2.2 Awareness of the Aid Program in the Institutions 66 5.4.2.3 Institutions Director Response on School Improvement 67 5.4.2.4 Level of Difficulties in Accessing Development Aid 68 5.4.2.5 Level of Community Support and Participation 69 5.4.3 Problems in Development Aid to Institutions 70 5.4.4 Positive Impacts of Development Aid on TVET Education 72 5.4.4.1 Institutions Infrastructure Improvement 72 5.4.4.2 Improvement in Course Materials 73 5.4.4.3 Student Enrollment 73 5.4.5 Negative Impacts of Development Aid 74 5.5 Chapter Summary 74 Chapter VI: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 76 6.1 Discussion on Core Findings 76 6.2 Recommendations 81 6.2.1 For the Government 81 6.2.2 For the Development Partners 82 6.3 Future Research 83Maste

EFFECT OF CURVE AND SLOPE ON INDOOR TRACK SPRINTING

In contrast with the standard 400 m outdoor track, indoor sprinting is performed on the more compact 200 m track. The curves of these indoor tracks are normally constructed by means of lateral slopes to reduce the centripetal forces acting on the contact foot of the sprinter. The centripetal force (Fc) is determined by the body mass (m) and the squared running velocity (v) of the athlete, as well as by the radius (R) of the curve: Fc= (m * v²)/R. The inhanging body position of the athlete reduces partly these centripetal forces. It is clear that runners in the inner lanes have to work harder than those running in the outer lanes. Therefore it was the purpose of this study to analyze the time differences among 200 m sprint performances in lane 2, lane 4 and lane 6 on the Flanders Expo track, that will host the European Indoor Championships in the year 2000. This track consists of a unique construction as the inclination axis of the lateral slope is situated in the middle of lane 2. This implies uphill running in lane 3 to 6 when entering the curve and downhill running in lane 1. When leaving the curve it is just the other way round. The runner in lane 2 has to run a flat course over the total distance. Five national level male sprinters performed a 120 m all-out sprint from starting blocks in lanes 2, 4 and 6. A comparable group of six sprinters performed a 120 m sprint, running full speed through the second curve of the 200 m track in the same lanes. The order of running the different lanes was randomised. Infrared sensors and an electronic timing system of Intersoft Electronics enabled the recording of the mean running speed in 15 different intervals. EMG-recordings were used to determine the duration of each stride. A mean 200 m-time was reconstructed by combining the interval times of both groups of subjects. The results of this study indicate that at the end of a complete 200 m run, lane 6-runners have a mean advantage of 0.23 s and 0.10 s compared to lane 2 and lane 4 respectively. Surprisingly this difference is mainly due to the advantage of the forwarded starting position in lane 6, avoiding the uphill running part of the first curve and benefiting optimally of the downhill part at the end of the acceleration phase. The main problem in lane 4 is the uphill running in the first steps of the acceleration. Because of their flat course lane 2-runners, compared to the uphill running in lane 4 and 6, can maintain their maximal velocity one interval longer on entering the second curve. But in the middle of this curve the outer lanes, compared to lane 2, take significant advantage of the greater radius. In spite of the difference in the radius of the curve there is no significant difference in running speed among lane 4 and lane 6. It can be concluded that lane 6 takes advantage of lane 4 in the first curve and makes the difference with lane 2 in the first as well as in the second curve. Analysis of stride characteristics shows that almost all significant differences in running velocity can be explained by differences in stride length. It can be concluded that the chances of an athlete in 200 meter indoor sprinting depend on the lane he is running in

RF MEMS Switches for Mobile Communication

Switched capacitors based on radio frequency microelectromechanical systems (RF MEMS) can enable a breakthrough in radio technology. Their switching principle is based on the mechanical movement of the plates of a parallel plate capacitor using the electrostatic force. The resulting difference in capacitance is used to switch an RF signal. This article discusses the device physics and application of these Microsystems

Revisão de Mulheres e profissionais de saúde ao longo da história, por Monserrat Jiménez Sureda

This review describes the essential features of the history of women in the health context. It is a very consistent book, because its historical focus is global: gender, culture, social structures, etc.Esta reseña describe los rasgos esenciales de la historia de las mujeres en el contexto sanitario. Es un libro muy conseguido, pues su enfoque histórico es global: género, cultura, estructuras sociales, etc.Esta revisão descreve as características essenciais da história das mulheres no contexto da saúde. É um livro muito consistente, porque seu foco histórico é global: gênero, cultura, estruturas sociais, etc

MODEL PEMBELAJARAN GERAK DASAR NON LOKOMOTOR MELALUI PERMAINAN PADA SISWA KELAS BAWAH DI KABUPATEN KAIMANA

MODEL PEMBELAJARAN GERAK DASAR NON LOKOMOTOR MELALUI PERMAINAN PADA SISWA KELAS BAWAH DI KABUPATEN KAIMANA Abstrak Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat dan menghasilkan produk model pembelajaran gerak dasar non lokomotor melalui permainan yang dapat diterapkan pada siswa sekolah dasar kelas bawah sehingga dapat membantu guru pada saat proses pembelajaran, khususnya pada materi gerak dasar non lokomotor, sesuai dengan tujuan yang digunakan oleh peniliti yaitu sampai lima langkah penelitian atau sampai tahap revisi desain, yang dimana penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian Research & Development (R&D) dari Sugiyono. Setelah peneliti membuat beberapa produk model pembelajaran, tahap selanjutnya adalah melalui tahap proses validasi yang dilakukan oleh tiga orang para ahli atau telaan pakar (Expert Judgment), kemudian setelah divalidasi maka akan direvisi model yang sudah divalidasi untuk diterapkan di sekolah dasar kelas bawah. Pada penelitian ini hanya sampai pada tahap revisi desain saja dikarenakan keadaan sekarang ini yang masih dalam masa pandemic COVID-19 yang belum tahu kapan berakhir. Kesimpulan pada model pembelajaran gerak dasar non lokomotor melalui permainan ini, dapat digunakan untuk guru di sekolah dasar dalam sekolah dasar kelas bawah. Kata Kunci: Model Pembelajaran, Gerak Dasar Non lokomotor, Pada Sisawa Kelas Bawa