Mosquitoes infected with dengue viruses in Brazil

Dengue epidemics have been reported in Brazil since 1985. The scenery has worsened in the last decade because several serotypes are circulating and producing a hyper-endemic situation, with an increase of DHF/DSS cases as well as the number of fatalities. Herein, we report dengue virus surveillance in mosquitoes using a Flavivirus genus-specific RT-Hemi-Nested-PCR assay. The mosquitoes (Culicidae, n = 1700) collected in the Northeast, Southeast and South of Brazil, between 1999 and 2005, were grouped into 154 pools. Putative genomes of DENV-1, -2 and -3 were detected in 6 mosquito pools (3.8%). One amplicon of putative DENV-1 was detected in a pool of Haemagogus leucocelaenus suggesting that this virus could be involved in a sylvatic cycle. DENV-3 was found infecting 3 pools of larvae of Aedes albopictus and the nucleotide sequence of one of these viruses was identified as DENV-3 of genotype III, phylogenetically related to other DENV-3 isolated in Brazil. This is the first report of a nucleotide sequence of DENV-3 from larvae of Aedes albopictus

Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Problem Posing terhadap Kemampuan Penalaran Matematis Siswa Kelas VIII SMP Negeri 2 NA.IX-X Sumberjo

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Problem Posing terhadap kemampuan penalaran matematis siswa pada pokok bahasan Sistem Persamaan Linear Dua Variabel (SPLDV). Penelitian dilaksanakan di SMP Negeri 2 Na. IX-X Sumberjo.. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas VIII3 yang berjumlah 28 siswa. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah instrumen tes dengan tipe uraian sebanyak 5 soal. Nilai siswa sebelum di beri perlakuan dengan Nilai Tertinggi 50, Nilai Terendah 24 dengan rataan 39. 35 dan standar deviasinya 6.424. Sedangkan setelah di beri perlakuan mengunakan model pembelajaran problem posing terdapat peninggkatan yaitu Nilai Tertinggi 55, Nilai Terendah 36 dengan rataan 57,21 dan standar deviasinya 8.534 Secara umum siswa kelas VIII3 setelah diberi perlakuan mengalami peningkatan, berdasarkan analisis data tersebut diperoleh nilai thitun

Inequalities in unmet health care needs under universal health insurance coverage in China

Abstract Background Expanding health insurance is a critical step towards universal health coverage due to its positive effect on reducing unmet health care needs and enhancing equitable access to health care. Despite previous studies on the socioeconomic factors associated with unmet health care needs, few studies have analysed the inequalities in such needs and the impact of universal health insurance coverage on addressing them. This study aimed to measure the contribution of social health insurance (SHI) coverage to inequalities in financially and non-financially constrained unmet health care needs among middle-aged and elderly Chinese adults. Methods The study data were obtained from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (2011–2015). A total of 11,592 respondents reporting outpatient care needs and 6320 reporting inpatient care needs were included. The concentration index (CI) was employed to measure the extent of income-related inequalities in unmet health care needs. A decomposition method based on a probit model was used to investigate the contribution of SHI to the inequalities. Results The incidence rates of unmet outpatient needs due to financial and non-financial constraints were 4.68% and 24.78%, respectively; these rates were 18.69% and 15.73% for unmet inpatient needs. The CIs of unmet outpatient needs due to financial and non-financial constraints were − 0.1872 and 0.0195, respectively; these values were − 0.1558 and 0.0352 for unmet inpatient needs. The percentages of the contribution of SHI to the CIs of financially constrained unmet outpatient and inpatient needs were 0.2639% and 1.8898%, respectively. Moreover, the percentages of the contribution of SHI to the CIs of non-financially constrained unmet outpatient and inpatient needs were − 0.4513% and − 6.4192%, respectively. Conclusion The universal coverage of SHI in China increased pro-poor inequalities in financially constrained unmet health care needs but decreased pro-rich inequalities in non-financially constrained unmet needs. Additionally, the contribution of SHI to inequalities in financially constrained unmet needs for inpatient care was stronger than that for outpatient care. Policy-makers are advised to introduce favourable reimbursement policies for patients with poor socioeconomic conditions and address both financial and non-financial barriers to promote equitable access to health care for the entire population