3.1.3.1. Manuscript - Reducing dietary wild derived fish meal inclusion levels in production diets for large Yellowtail Kingfish (Seriola lalandi) (N5/N2; Output 2a) [In: Stone, D.A.J., Booth, M.A. and Clarke, S.M. (eds).Growing a Profitable, Innovative and Collaborative Australian Yellowtail Kingfish Aquaculture Industry: Bringing ‘White’ Fish to the Market (DAWR Grant Agreement RnD4Profit-14-01-027)]

Further research to understand dietary wild derived fish meal (WD FM) substitution with commercially relevant alternative ingredients for large Yellowtail Kingfish (Seriola lalandi; YTK) was needed. This 36 week study was designed to investigate the effects of replacing dietary inclusions of WD FM with alternative protein rich ingredients (Poultry meal, PM; Soy protein concentrate, SPC; and FM by-product) on the growth performance, feed utilisation, and health of YTK (2.52 kg) at ambient water temperatures (average 16.6 °C; range 23.5-13.0 °C). Six diets were formulated on a digestible basis to contain 39% digestible protein (~45-47% crude protein), 24% digestible lipid (~25% crude lipid), and a digestible energy level of 16.9 MJ kg-1 (~20.1 MJ kg-1 gross energy level). Fish were fed to apparent satiation once daily at 10:00 h. Diet did not significantly influence fish growth, feed utilisation, gastrointestinal health, or blood hematology and biochemistry indices measured. Indices associated with bile acid metabolism and liver histology also indicated no significant effects of WD FM substitution. Results from the current study are encouraging and provide valuable commercially relevant information to reduce the dietary WD FM inclusion levels and costs of diets and improve the sustainable production of large YTK. The inclusion of the alternative protein sources resulted in improvements in the fish in-fish out ratios of between 4.8 to 17.9% and 25.4 to 35.1%, respectively, for fish fed diets where WD FM was substituted by 33.3% or 66.7%. We recommend that when using SPC, diets contain no less than 20% WD FM. When using PM, we may recommend that diets contain no less than 20% FM (WD or FM by-product). When using FM by-product, we may recommend that diets contain a total of 30% FM, where at least 10% is derived from wild stocks, and no more than 20% is FM by-product. These recommendations are dependent on the changing cost of raw materials. This is a commercial decision for YTK producers and the feed manufacturers. The available information points toward flexibility in formulation. We recommend that trends with some of the alternatives to WD FM be followed up with further pilot scale commercial on-farm trials before the full formulation flexibility is realised

3.1.3.1. Manuscript - Reducing dietary wild derived fish meal inclusion levels in production diets for large Yellowtail Kingfish (Seriola lalandi) (N5/N2; Output 2a) [In: Stone, D.A.J., Booth, M.A. and Clarke, S.M. (eds).Growing a Profitable, Innovative and Collaborative Australian Yellowtail Kingfish Aquaculture Industry: Bringing ‘White’ Fish to the Market (DAWR Grant Agreement RnD4Profit-14-01-027)]

Further research to understand dietary wild derived fish meal (WD FM) substitution with commercially relevant alternative ingredients for large Yellowtail Kingfish (Seriola lalandi; YTK) was needed. This 36 week study was designed to investigate the effects of replacing dietary inclusions of WD FM with alternative protein rich ingredients (Poultry meal, PM; Soy protein concentrate, SPC; and FM by-product) on the growth performance, feed utilisation, and health of YTK (2.52 kg) at ambient water temperatures (average 16.6 °C; range 23.5-13.0 °C). Six diets were formulated on a digestible basis to contain 39% digestible protein (~45-47% crude protein), 24% digestible lipid (~25% crude lipid), and a digestible energy level of 16.9 MJ kg-1 (~20.1 MJ kg-1 gross energy level). Fish were fed to apparent satiation once daily at 10:00 h. Diet did not significantly influence fish growth, feed utilisation, gastrointestinal health, or blood hematology and biochemistry indices measured. Indices associated with bile acid metabolism and liver histology also indicated no significant effects of WD FM substitution. Results from the current study are encouraging and provide valuable commercially relevant information to reduce the dietary WD FM inclusion levels and costs of diets and improve the sustainable production of large YTK. The inclusion of the alternative protein sources resulted in improvements in the fish in-fish out ratios of between 4.8 to 17.9% and 25.4 to 35.1%, respectively, for fish fed diets where WD FM was substituted by 33.3% or 66.7%. We recommend that when using SPC, diets contain no less than 20% WD FM. When using PM, we may recommend that diets contain no less than 20% FM (WD or FM by-product). When using FM by-product, we may recommend that diets contain a total of 30% FM, where at least 10% is derived from wild stocks, and no more than 20% is FM by-product. These recommendations are dependent on the changing cost of raw materials. This is a commercial decision for YTK producers and the feed manufacturers. The available information points toward flexibility in formulation. We recommend that trends with some of the alternatives to WD FM be followed up with further pilot scale commercial on-farm trials before the full formulation flexibility is realised

Effects of enzyme complex SSF (solid state fermentation) in pellet diets for Nile tilapia

The effects of enzyme complex SSF (solid state fermentation) on growth performance and the availability of sucrose and monosaccharides in the chyme of Nile were involved. The study included 360 fish (70g±4.43) in a completely randomized design with six dietary treatments (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 ppm of SSF) arranged in six replicates, with 10 fish per replicate. Every 15 days, one tilapia of each experimental unit was sacrificed for analyses of carbohydrate in the chyme. On day 60 of the experiment, the performance parameters were measured. There was a linear effect according to treatment for final weight and weight gain. For the other performance parameters, there were no differences. There was quadratic effect for sucrose and glucose in function of the treatment, whereas the fructose levels increased linearly. The addition of 150 ppm of the enzyme complex SSF in the feed improves the performance of Nile tilapia and increases the availability of sucrose and monosaccharides in the chyme

Digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes e energia de ração suplementada com enzimas digestivas exógenas para juvenis de tambaqui (Colosssoma macropomum Cuvier, 1818) Apparent digestibility of nutrients and crude energy in diets with addition of exogenous digestive enzymes in tambaqui juveniles ( Colosssoma macropomum Cuvier, 1818)

O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da adição de um compelxo multienzimático exógeno composto de amilase, protease, lipase e celulase, em rações de juvenis de tambaqui, sobre os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CDa) da proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), carboidratos (ENN) e energia bruta (EB). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos (quatro níveis de inclusão de enzimas, 0,0; 0,05; 0,10; e 0,15 %), três repetições (no tempo) e 10 peixes por unidade experimental. Foram utilizados 40 juvenis de tambaqui, com peso médio de 155,0 ± 0,49 g, distribuídos em quatro tanques de alimentação de 500 l, recebendo refeições à vontade das 8 às 12h, a cada hora. Em seguida os animais foram transferidos para coletores de fezes (200 l), onde permaneceram até às 18h, sendo a coleta de dejetos realizada a cada hora. A determinação dos CDa foi realizada pelo método indireto, sendo utilizado como indicador externo 0,5% de óxido de cromo-III (Cr2O3) incorporado à ração. Os resultados demonstraram que a suplementação das dietas com enzimas exógenas para juvenis de tambaqui aumenta a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes e energia bruta, no nível de inclusão de 0,05% (P<0,05%).<br>The experiment evaluated the effect of dietary supplementation a multienzyme complex containing amylase, protease, lipase and cellulase for tambaqui juveniles on the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), carbohydrates (CHO) and crude energy (CE). A completely randomized experimental design was used with four treatments (level of enzymes 0.0; 0.05; 0.10; and 0.15 %) and three replicates (over time), with ten fish per experimental unity. Forty fish weighting 155.0 ± 0.49g were distributed in four 500 l feeding tanks and were fed hourly, from 8 to 12 AM. After this period, fish were transferred for fecal collection units until 6 PM, where feces were collected hourly. ADCs were evaluated by an indirect method, with 0.5 % III-chromic oxide (Cr2O3) as innert marker. The results showed that supplementary exogenous enzymes on tambaqui diets increased the apparent digestibility of nutrients and crude energy at inclusion level of 0.05% (P<0.05%)

A piscicultura e o ambiente: o uso de alimentos ambientalmente corretos em piscicultura Fish farming and the environment: the use of environmental friendly feeds in fish culture

Embora a ciência da nutrição de peixes esteja longe de estabelecer um padrão geral de exigências nutricionais, a necessidade de desenvolvimento de alimentos de baixo impacto poluente há muito faz parte da agenda das comunidades científica e empresarial internacional da aqüicultura. Não só é absolutamente possível formular alimentos ambientalmente corretos, como é necessário modelar a formulação destes alimentos. Porém, é necessária absoluta acurácia para atender formulações espécie-específicas, considerando-se as interações da biologia e fisiologia nutricional das espécies com os alimentos e com as variações abióticas do meio. O conhecimento disponível sobre as mais de 200 espécies de peixe produzidas comercialmente no mundo é ainda incipiente e os sistemas de produção de peixe, nos diferentes regimes de exploração, estão implantados em todas as condições ecológicas possíveis. Neste cenário, produzir rações ambientalmente corretas é, senão impossível, pelo menos muito difícil e depende da ação coordenada e positiva de produtores, indústria da alimentação, agências regulatórias, e instituições de ensino e pesquisa para definir os parâmetros necessários à consecução deste objetivo.<br>Although fish nutrition science is far from establishing general standards of nutritional requirements, the need for developing low impact feeds has long been included in the agenda of aquaculture's international scientific and business communities of. Not only is absolutely possible to formulate environmental friendly feeds, as it is necessary modeling the formulation of these feeds. However, it is necessary higher accuracy to develop species-specific formulations, considering interactions of the biology and nutritional physiology of the species with the feedstuffs and variations of abiotic environment. The knowledge on more than 200 species of commercially farmed fish is still incipient and fish production systems, in their most varied farming conditions, are set up in every possible ecological conditions. In this scenario, producing environmental friendly feeds is if not impossible, at least very, very difficult, depending on coordinated and positive action of producers, industry, regulatory agencies, and institutions of higher education and research to define the parameters needed to achieve this goal