Adaptive immunity in cancer immunology and therapeutics.

Copyright: © the authors; licensee ecancermedicalscience. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.The vast genetic alterations characteristic of tumours produce a number of tumour antigens that enable the immune system to differentiate tumour cells from normal cells. Counter to this, tumour cells have developed mechanisms by which to evade host immunity in their constant quest for growth and survival. Tumour-associated antigens (TAAs) are one of the fundamental triggers of the immune response. They are important because they activate, via major histocompatibility complex (MHC), the T cell response, an important line of defense against tumourigenesis. However, the persistence of tumours despite host immunity implies that tumour cells develop immune avoidance. An example of this is the up-regulation of inhibitory immune checkpoint proteins, by tumours, which induces a form of self-tolerance. The majority of monoclonal antibodies in clinical practice have been developed to target tumour-specific antigens. More recently there has been research in the down-regulation of immune checkpoint proteins as a way of increasing anti-tumour immunity

An Annotated List of the Mammals of Sac County, Iowa

My purpose in writing this list is to place on record data gathered principally from the pioneers of Sac County about the conditions in pioneer days and since. While these data are not as accurate as though they were confirmed by specimens, they are better than no information at all. I have used extreme care in differentiating species and have included some observations of my own made in the more recent years. I have also included some data on adjoining counties

Vitamin A In Veterinary Medicine

Veterinarians now have available vitamin preparations which are intended for use as specific drugs in the prophylaxis and therapy of disease processes. Use of these products requires knowledge of indications for their use in rational therapy. This article is intended to aid in presenting this information for vitamin A

Soft Tissue Studies In Small Animal Radiography

Radiologic investigation of normal and abnormal structures and conditions found in the skeletal system have yielded valuable information to the veterinary profession. The relatively great densities demonstrated by skeletal tissues and the alterations in those densities brought about by disease processes have aided in interpretation of abnormalities. They were readily observable on the film, and the techniques for producing diagnostic films, although rigid, were relatively easy of achievement. Recently, in both human and veterinary radiology, efforts at achieving the same wide use of the science of radiology have been pointed toward demonstration and interpretation of lesions which occur in the non-osseous portions of the body

Auditor Judgment Confidence: Direct Evidence for the Process View

Although there has been considerable research on audit judgment processes and structures, one area that has received little attention is auditor judgment confidence. Determining the nature of confidence attainment has direct implications for audit practice, particularly regarding the timing of evidence evaluation leading to final judgments. The present study extends the early work of Pincus (1991) and is the first to provide direct evidence in support of the process view of audit judgment confidence

An examination of teen fathers' involvement with their partners and children and the influencing factors

In order to gain an understanding of teen fathers' perceptions of the fathering experience, six teen fathers (age 16-20 years) from Eastern Newfoundland, Canada, completed questionnaires and participated in three one-hour interview sessions. A combination of open and close-ended questions focused on the involvement of father and child, and the factors influencing this involvement. -- Each participant reported feelings and demonstrations of love toward, pleasure with spending time with, and being actively involved with his child. Although the quantity of father-child interaction time varied from father to father, fathers were not satisfied and expressed a desire to spend more time with their children. -- Throughout the interviews six main themes and several subthemes emerged. The teen fathers most involved with their children reported positive relationships with the teen mothers and supportive parents. All four sets of grandparents were cooperative in their sharing of child care duties and expenses. These teen fathers also had a strong support system of friends and relatives. Less involved teen fathers reported strained relationships with the teen mothers and restricted access to their children. These teen fathers' relationships with the maternal grandparents were described as either nonexistent or hostile. -- Five of the six participants described the lack of recognition as a parent, and the lack of involvement in the decisions concerning their children, as being the most difficult aspect of being a teenage father. The adolescent fathers further identified several factors they considered obstacles to their involvement with their children: strained relationship with the teen mother; overbearing maternal grandparents; lack of recognition of parental rights by social agencies; and, inadequate finances. If we expect teen fathers to become more involved with their children these expressed difficulties and obstacles need to be addressed

A Case of Ovarian Fibromatosis and Massive Ovarian Oedema Associated With Intra-Abdominal Fibromatosis, Sclerosing Peritonitis and Meig's Syndrome

Purpose:To discuss a case of ovarian fibromatosis/massive ovarian oedema, intra-abdominal fibromatosis, sclerosing peritonitis and Meig's syndrome. To review the reported therapeutic options

Lead Shot in Some Spring Migrant Ducks

The incidence of lead shot in l ,687 lesser scaup (Athya affinis) and 416 ring-necked ducks (Athya collaris) in spring migration in Minnesota and the implications as related to the bird population and hunting harvest the preceding fall are considered in this study. The ducks, which were examined for shot by photofluorographic radiography had died as a result of oil pollution on the Mississippi River in the vicinity of Red Wing in the spring of 1963. The birds were separated into two age groups and by sex. Yearling lesser scaup had a body shat incidence (proportion of birds containing shot) of 5.5 per cent and yearling ring-necked ducks 17.8 per cent. For both species, yearling males had a higher incidence of shot than yearling females, and the most common location of shot was just beneath the skin on the back and abdomen. By using shot incidence in conjunction with other data, the harvest rate during the preceding hunting season (1962) was estimated as being 15 to 20 per cent of the population for yearling lesser scaup of both sexes; 30 to 35 per cent far yearling female ring-necked ducks, 60 to 70 per cent for yearling males, and 45 to 55 per cent for yearlings of both sexes of ring-necked ducks combined. Incidence of ingested shot in the digestive tracts of the birds (mostly gizzard) was low, being 1.7 per cent for lesser scaup and 1.6 per cent far ring-necked ducks

Multi-photon ionization and fragmentation of uracil: neutral excited-state ring opening and hydration effects

Multi-photon ionization (MPI) of the RNA base uracil has been studied in the wavelength range 220–270 nm, coinciding with excitation to the S2(ππ*) state. A fragment ion at m/z = 84 was produced by 2-photon absorption at wavelengths ≤232 nm and assigned to C3H4N2O+ following CO abstraction. This ion has not been observed in alternative dissociative ionization processes (notably electron impact) and its threshold is close to recent calculations of the minimum activation energy for a ring opening conical intersection to a σ(n-π)π* closed shell state. Moreover, the predicted ring opening transition leaves a CO group at one end of the isomer, apparently vulnerable to abstraction. An MPI mass spectrum of uracil-water clusters is presented for the first time and compared with an equivalent dry measurement. Hydration enhances certain fragment ion pathways (particularly C3H3NO+) but represses C3H4N2O+ production. This indicates that hydrogen bonding to water stabilizes uracil with respect to neutral excited-state ring opening

OBESIDAD

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en una población de bajos ingresos de Costa Rica. Método: Datos proporcionados por la clínica Casa de Socorro de Rincón Grande de Pavas, los cuales fueron obtenidos mediante la aplicación de una encuesta a pacientes nuevos durante el periodo comprendido entre 21 de septiembre y 20 de octubre del 2020. Se determió la prevalencia global de sobrepeso y obesidad en la población, así como su prevalencia esoecífica para hombres y mujeres, y según la edad al dividir la población en tres grupos etarios. Se analizaron la diferencia entre el nivel educativo, el nivel de ingresos mensuales y la actividad física reportada, de acuerdo al valor de IMC normal o mayor/igual a 25. Resultados: Se determinó una altra prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad global, así como en el subgrupo de hombres y mujeres, además esta fue mayor en el grupo de adultos de mediana a mayor edad. Se identificaron características comunes entre los grupos de IMC elevado; incuyendo bajo nivel educativo, bajo nivel de ingresos e insuficiente actividad física diaria. Conclusión: El sobrepeso y obesidad se encuentra en aumento a nivel mundial. Las prevalencias determinadas en una población de escasos ingresos en Costa Rica es abrumadoramente superior a la prevalencia general del país. La insuficiente actividad física es un denominador común en las alteraciones de peso corporal