Preparation and characterization of microcapsules of Pterodon pubescens Benth. by using natural polymers

An oleaginous fraction obtained from an alcohol extract of the fruit of Pterodon pubescensBenth. (FHPp) was microencapsulated in polymeric systems. These systems were developed using a complex coacervation method and consisted of alginate/medium-molecular-weight chitosan (F1-MC), alginate/chitosan with greater than 75% deacetylation (F2-MC), and alginate/low-molecular-weight chitosan (F3-MC). These developed systems have the potential to both mask the taste of the extract, and to protect its constituents against possible chemical degradation. The influence of the formulation parameters and process were determined by chemical profiling and measurement of the microencapsulation efficiency of the oleaginous fraction, and by assessment of microcapsule morphology. The obtained formulations were slightly yellow, odorless, and had a pleasant taste. The average diameters of the microcapsules were 0.4679 µm (F2-MC), 0.5885 µm (F3-MC), and 0.9033 µm (F1-MC). The best formulation was F3-MC, with FHPp microencapsulation efficiency of 61.01 ± 2.00% and an in vitro release profile of 75.88 ± 0.45%; the content of vouacapans 3-4 was 99.49 ± 2.80%. The best model to describe the release kinetics for F1-MC and F3-MC was that proposed by Higuchi; however, F2-MC release displayed first-order kinetics; the release mechanism was of the supercase II type for all formulations

Synthesis And Antitumor Activity Of β-carboline 3-(substituted- Carbohydrazide) Derivatives

A series of β-carboline derivatives bearing a substituted- carbohydrazide moiety at C-3 were synthesized and evaluated for their antitumor activity against eight human cancer cell lines. The b-carboline N-(substituted-benzylidene)carbohydrazides showed, in general, a greater antitumor activity than their N-(alkylidene)carbohydrazide analogues. The N 9-methylation of b-carboline N-(substituted-benzylidene) carbohydrazides resulted in a decrease of antitumor activity. Among compounds tested, the benzylidenecarbohydrazides 3, 4, 11, 13, 16, 21 and 22 were the most active, possessing IC 50 less than 10 μMfor six of the eight tumor cell lines assayed. The derivative 4 displayed the most significant activity toward all tested cell lines, with a remarkable cytotoxicity against renal (786-0) cell lines (IC 50 = 0.04 lM). Compound 4 was assayed for its in vivo antineoplastic activity in the Ehrlich solid carcinoma assay. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. 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Pharmacological Characterization Of Solanum Cernuum Vell.: 31-norcycloartanones With Analgesic And Anti-inflammatory Properties

Cycloeucalenone (1) and 24-oxo-31-norcycloartanone (2) obtained from Solanum cernuum Vell. were assayed to explore their pharmacologic roles. Previous studies showed that (2) has selective activity against lung tumor cell line (NCIH460) which expresses high levels of COX-2, suggesting its role in inflammatory process, and also a link between chronic inflammation and cancer-associated process. Dichloromethane crude extract (DCE) significantly reduced writhing and stretching induced by 0.8 % acetic acid at a dose of 100, 300, and 600 mg/kg, po; oral administration of different doses of (1) and (2) also displayed significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects in the writhing acetic acid test (p < 0.0001). Selected oral doses of both compounds (100 and 50 mg/kg) were assayed in the carrageenan-induced paw edema model. Compound (2) showed significant activity during the early phase (1.5-6 h) and also in the late phase (48 h) (p < 0.01). The anti-nociceptive activity observed for the compounds (1) and (2) and DCE was found to be related to the inhibition of different mediators involved in inflammation and nociceptive process. Both compounds decrease COX-2 protein expression, although only compound (2) reached a significant response (p < 0.05 vs control). 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age-weight dependent and displays differential nitric oxide cyclooxygenase-2 expression (2004) British Journal of Pharmacology, 142 (2), pp. 331-338. , DOI 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705650Praman, S., Mulvany, M.J., Allenbach, Y., Marston, A., Hostettmann, K., Sirirugsa, P., Jansakul, C., Effects of an n-butanol extract from the stem of Tinospora crispa on blood pressure and heart rate in anesthetized rats (2011) J Ethnopharmacol, 133, pp. 675-686Rajic, A., Akihisa, T., Ukiya, M., Yasukawa, K., Sandeman, R.M., Chandler, D.S., Polya, G.M., Inhibition of trypsin and chymotrypsin by anti-inflammatory triterpenoids from Compositae flowers (2001) Planta Medica, 67 (7), pp. 599-604. , DOI 10.1055/s-2001-17350Ramírez-Cisneros, M., Rios, M., Déciga-Campos, M., Aguilar-Guadarrama, A., Phytochemical study and anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and free radical scavenger evaluations of Krameria pauciflora methanol extract (2012) Molecules, 17, pp. 861-872Rodrigues, V.E.G., Carvalho, D.A., Etnobotanical survey 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In vitro and in vivo antitumor activity of crude extracts obtained from Brazilian Chromobacterium sp isolates

Natural products produced by microorganisms have been an important source of new substances and lead compounds for the pharmaceutical industry. Chromobacterium violaceum is a Gram-negative &#946;-proteobacterium, abundant in water and soil in tropical and subtropical regions and it produces violacein, a pigment that has shown great pharmaceutical potential. Crude extracts of five Brazilian isolates of Chromobacterium sp (0.25, 2.5, 25, and 250&#8197;&#181;g/mL) were evaluated in an in vitro antitumor activity assay with nine human tumor cells. Secondary metabolic profiles were analyzed by liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry resulting in the identification of violacein in all extracts, whereas FK228 was detected only in EtCE 308 and EtCE 592 extracts. AcCE and EtCE 310 extracts showed selectivity for NCI/ADR-RES cells in the in vitro assay and were evaluated in vivo in the solid Ehrlich tumor model, resulting in 50.3 and 54.6% growth inhibition, respectively. The crude extracts of Chromobacterium sp isolates showed potential and selective antitumor activities for certain human tumor cells, making them a potential source of lead compounds. Furthermore, the results suggest that other compounds, in addition to violacein, deoxyviolacein and FK228, may be involved in the antitumor effect observed