Consumo de nutrientes e comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros da raça Santa Inês alimentados com rações com diferentes níveis de energia metabolizável

Objetivou-se avaliar o consumo de nutrientes e o comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros da raça Santa Inês na fase de cria alimentados com diferentes níveis de energia metabolizável (EM). Foram utilizados 20 cordeiros não-castrados, com idade e peso corporal médio de 50 dias e 13,00 ± 0,56 kg, respectivamente, distribuídos em quatro tratamentos experimentais com diferentes níveis de energia metabolizável (2,08; 2,28; 2,47 e 2,69 Mcal de EM/kg de matéria seca), em delineamento em blocos casualizados, com cinco repetições. Como volumoso utilizou-se feno de capim-tifton adicionado à ração concentrada. Os níveis de energia metabolizável (EM) tiveram efeito linear sobre os consumos de matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, extrato etéreo, carboidratos não-fibrosos e nutrientes digestíveis totais, expressos em g/dia. O consumo de FDN, expresso em %PV e kg/PV0,75, decresceu linearmente com o aumento dos níveis de energia nas rações, devido à redução no teor de FDN na matéria seca total das rações. Os tempos de alimentação e mastigação total, expressos em hora/dia, diminuíram linearmente com os níveis energéticos das rações experimentais. Em compensação, o tempo de ócio aumentou linearmente e o de ruminação não foi influenciado pelos níveis energéticos das rações. O número de bolos ruminais, de mastigações merícicas e de mastigações merícicas por bolo ruminal e o tempo de mastigações merícicas por bolo ruminal não foram influenciados pelos níveis de energia metabolizável nas rações. O aumento dos níveis de energia metabolizável das rações influencia o consumo de nutrientes e o comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros da raça Santa Inês na fase de cria.The objective of this work was to evaluate the nutrient intake and ingestive behavior of growing Santa Inês lambs fed different levels of metabolizable energy (ME). It was used 20 non-castrated lambs at 50 days of age and with 13.00 ± 0.56 kg of body weight. The animals were distributed into four experimental treatments with different levels of metabolizable energy (2.08, 2.28, 2.47 and 2.69 Mcal/kg of dry matter) in a randomized block design with five replications. It was used as roughage tifton hay added to concentrate diet. Levels of metabolizable energy (ME) linearly affected intakes of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, no-fiber carbohydrates, and total digestible nutrients, expressed in g/day. The NDF intake, expressed as % BW and kg/BW0.75, decreased linearly with the increase of levels of energy in the diet due to the reduction in NDF content in the total dietary dry matter. Feeding and total chewing time, expressed in hour/day, decreased linearly with the energy levels of the experimental diets. However, idle time increased linearly, whereas rumination was not influenced by energy levels of the diets. Number of ruminate boli, of ruminating chews, of ruminating chews per bolus and time of chewing per bolus were not influenced by levels of metabolizable energy in the diets. Increase in metabolizable energy levels of diets affects intake of nutrients and ingestive behavior of growing Santa Inês lambs

Dairy Cattle Linear and Angular Kinematics during the Stance Phase

Rosana G. Moreira, Editor-in-Chief; Texas A&M UniversityThis is a paper from International Commission of Agricultural Engineering (CIGR, Commission Internationale du Genie Rural) E-Journal Volume 9 (2007): Dairy Cattle Linear and Angular Kinematics during the Stance Phase. Manuscript BC 06 006. Vol. IX. June, 2007

Computational Vision Use For Evaluation Of Confined Dairy Cows Behavior

Changes on dairy cows behavior can be observed as a result of microclimate variances. However, conventional steps that had been used until now are still evasive and they can even lead to some uncertainties in interpretation of results. The experiment described in this paper was conducted on a commercial farm in São Pedro (São Paulo, Brazil), where dairy cows were monitored through micro-cameras that were installed in strategic places to assess their behavior. The objective of this work was to development software to evaluate the behavior of confined dairy cows in freestalls through digital imaging. It is also important to point out that in this case, software validation was conducted through real-time testing. Obtained images were observed by three different methodologies (indirect way of instantaneous (VII), indirect spaced (VIE), and computer vision (VC)), in order to quantify the percentage of animals that presented behavioral activities, and also to analyze and compare these three distinct registration methods. Based on this study, it was possible to conclude that although computer vision methodology developed for behavioral evaluation presented some constrains, it demonstrated to be an excellent tool to evaluate dairy cows' behavior.943948Marchant, J.A., and C.P. Schofield. 1990 Pigs, Snakes and Maggots. Div. Note, Silsoe Research Institute, Silsoe, Bedford. MINAGAWA, H., IECHIKAWA, T (1992) Measurement of pig weights by an image analysis. ASAE Paper 92-0000, 8 p. ASAE, Chicago(2004) Minitab® Statistical Software for Windows, , http://www.minitab.com/products/minitab, MINITAB, Disponivel em, Acesso em 10 fev. 2004Palmer, R.W., Wagner-Storch, A.M., Cow preference for different freestall bases in pens with different stocking rates (2003) Proceedings of the Fifth International Dairy Housing Conference, pp. 155-164Shao, J., Xin, H., Harmon, J.D., Comparison of image feature extraction for classification of swine thermal comfort behavior (1998) Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 19, pp. 223-232Spink, A.J., Tegelenbosch, R.A.J., Buma, M.O.S., Noldus, L.P.J.J., The EthoVision video tracking system: A tool for behavioral phenotyping of transgenic mice (2001) Physiology and Behavior, 73, pp. 731-74

Image Analysis For Characterization The Activities Of Dairy Cows Inside The Confinement Housing [análise De Imagens Para A Caracterização Das Atividades De Vacas Leiteiras Dentro Do Galpão De Confinamento]

Today's animal production need the use of information technology and automation in the animal's rearing environment in order to analyze their interference both in the production and animal welfare. The objective of this research was to compare the efficiency of two methodologies of image analysis for evaluating the presence of dairy cows in specific places in the confinement shed. The experiment was done in a commercial farm and the cows were monitored by six cameras. Two ways of analyzing the presence of the cows in the pre- selected places (bedding, drinker and feeder) were used: images analyzed as seen in the computer screen (T1), and automatically by the software developed for capturing the images of the cows in the freestall shed (T2). The attendance data were analyzed using the technique of the principal component analysis and to compare the two methods, it was applied the Student t - test with 95% reliability for the mean count of the presence of cows in each studied area. No significant difference between the methods was found, and both methods were efficient for registering the presence of cows in the activities.31610361043Barbosa Filho, J.A.D., Silva, I.J.O., Silva, M.A.N., Silva, C.J.M., Avaliação dos comportamentos de aves poedeiras utilizando sequência de imagens (2007) Engenharia Agrícola, Jaboticabal, 27 (1), pp. 93-99. , http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-69162007000100002&lng=en&nrm=iso, Disponivel em:Acesso em: 7 ago. 2010Bokkers, E.A.M., Effects of interaction between humans and domesticated animals (2006), pp. 31-41. , In: HASSINK, J.VANDIJK, M. Farming for health. Wageningen: Wageningen University and Research Centre, cap 3Cangara, O., Leroyaeroya, T., Guarinob, M., Vrankena, E., Fallonc, R., Lenehanc, J., Meed, J., Berckmansa, D., Automatic real-time monitoring of locomotion and posture behaviour of pregnant cows prior o calving using online image analysis (2008) Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, Amsterdam, 64, pp. 53-60Costa, M.J.R., Broom, D.M., Consistency of side choice in the milking parlour by Holstein-Friesian cows and its relationship with their reactivity and milk yield (2001) Applied Animal Behaviour Science, Bristol, 70 (3), pp. 177-186Frazzi, E., Calamari, L., Calegari, F., Stefanini, L., Behavior of dairy cows in response to different barn cooling systems (2000) Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, 43 (2), pp. 387-394(2004), MINITAB. Statistical Software, version 14. Cd-ROMMüller, R., Schrader, L.A., new method to measure behavioral activity levels in dairy cows (2005) Applied Animal Behaviour Science, Bristol, 83 (4), pp. 247-258Noldus, L.P.J.J., Trienes, R.J.H., Hendriksen, A.H., Jansen, H., Jansen, R.G., The Observer Video-Pro: New software for the collection, management, and presentation of time-structured data from videotapes and digital media files (2000) Behavior Research Methods, Instruments and Computers, Amsterdam, 32 (1), pp. 197-206O'Connell, N.E., Ferris, C.P., Patterson, D.C., Mayne, C.S., Effect of feed barrier design and feed space allowance on performance and behavioural parameters in dairy cows (2010) Applied Animal Behaviour Science, Bristol, 127, pp. 20-27Palmer, R.W., Wagner-Storch, A.M., Cow preference for different freestall bases in pens with different stocking rates (2003), pp. 155-164. , In: INTERNATIONAL DAIRY HOUSING, 5., Fort Worth. Proceedings. Fort Worth: American Society of Agricultural EngineersPereira, D.F., Nääs, I.A., Romanini, C.B., Salgado, D.D., Pereira, G.O.T., Indicadores de bem-estar baseados em reações comportamentais de matrizes pesadas (2005) Engenharia Agrícola, Jaboticabal, 25 (2), pp. 308-314. , http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-69162005000200003&lng=pt&nrm=iso, Disponivel em: Acesso em: 07 ago. 2010Perissinotto, M., Moura, D.J., Cruz, V.F., Souza, S.R.L., Lima, K.A.O., Mendes, A.S., Conforto térmico de bovinos leiteiros confinados em clima subtropical e mediterrâneo pela análise de parâmetros fisiológicos, utilizando a teoria dos conjuntos fuzzy (2009) Ciência Rural, Santa Maria, 39 (5), pp. 1.492-1.498Rousing, T., Wemelsfelder, F., Qualitative assessment of social behaviour of dairy cows housed in loose housing systems (2006) Applied Animal Behaviour Science, Bristol, 101, pp. 40-53Sariego, J.C.L., http://paginas.terra.com.br/educacao/sariego/o_estudo_do_comportamento.htm, O que é Etologia? Online Disponivel em:Acesso em 29 abr. 2005Schutz, K.E., Rogers, A.R., Cox, N.R., Tucker, C.B., Dairy cows prefer shade that offers greater protection against solar radiation in summer: Shade use, behaviour, and body temperature (2009) Applied Animal Behaviour Science, Bristol, 116, pp. 28-34Schwager, M., Anderson, D.M., Butler, Z., Rus, D., Robust classification of animal tracking data (2007) Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, Amsterdam, 56 (1), pp. 46-59Teixeira, D.L., Hötzel, M.J., Machado Filho, L.C., Designing better water troughs 2 (2006) Surface area and height, but not depth, influence dairy cows' preference. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, Bristol, 96 (1-2), pp. 169-175Trevisan, N.B., Quadros, F.L.F., Silva, A.C.F., Bandinelli, D.G., Martins, C.E.N., Simões, L.F.C., Maixner, A.R., Pires, D.R.F., Comportamento ingestivo de novilhos de corte em pastagem de aveia-preta e azevém com níveis distintos de folhas verdes (2004) Ciência Rural, Santa Maria, 34 (5), pp. 1.543-1.54