Autoimagem, socialização, tempo livre e lazer: quatro desafios à velhice = Self-image, socialization, free-time and leisure: four challenges to old age

Com base na literatura conceitual e empírica disponível, o presente texto tem o objetivo de discutir quatro desafios inter-relacionados presentes no trabalho com idosos: autoimagem, socialização, tempo livre e lazer. Estudos conduzidos em diferentes estados brasileiros ilustram os desafios elencados, sugerindo comunalidades no trabalho com o idoso. Ao mesmo tempo, situações específicas que dificultam o envolvimento de idosos com lazer confirmam os desafios ainda a serem superados, com ações que ofereçam condições sociais, econômicas e políticas para tal. Caso estes desafios não sejam abordados mediante políticas públicas organizadas, que integrem iniciativas governamentais e privadas, a tendência é de que pesquisas sobre o lazer na velhice repitam os desafios e necessidades discutidos

AMIZADE EM DOIS CONTEXTOS EDUCACIONAIS

O objetivo deste trabalho é comparar a percepção da qualidade da amizade de dois contextos educacionais distintos – a escola e a universidade, em uma amostra de estudantes universitários gaúchos. O relacionamento com a melhor amizade é investigado quanto a funções que o melhor amigo preenche, sentimentos que ele desperta no participante, e a satisfação do participante com o relacionamento com o melhor amigo. Os resultados apontaram para a relevância das melhores amizades originadas na escola e mantidas até a entrada na universidade. Discute-se a importância das amizades no período universitário, atentando para o desenvolvimento sócio-emocional do indivíduo para além da escola – contexto educacional freqüentemente privilegiado em pesquisa

Recomendações para a Realização de Grupos Focais na Pesquisa Qualitativa

This theoretical paper discusses the role of focus group in qualitative research beyond its use as a single session technique. It is presented as method, able to generate relevant and fruitful contributions. We gathered and compared the leading contributions from selected Brazilian publications, mainly due to their singularities on presenting focus groups. We explain the differences between focus groups and group interview, uses in research, preparation, recording, script, sampling, structure, moderator, debate conduction, pre- and post-debate elements, among other aspects. Two traditional foreign authors are added to the debate, David Morgan and Rosaline Barbour, contributing with similar and distinctive positions about the goal and the characteristics of focus group. We outline directions based on application, teaching, and training the method. The intention is that doubts had been clarified and preconceptions dissolved about the use of focus group in research, focusing the qualitative approach, but with recommendations that must accompany its application to the quantitative approach.El presente artículo teórico discute el papel del grupo focal en la investigación cualitativa además de su uso como técnica en sesión única. Se presenta como método, capaz de generar contribuciones relevantes y fructíferas. Se recogen y comparan las principales contribuciones de textos brasileños seleccionados, principalmente en virtud de la singularidad en la presentación de lo que sean grupos focales. Se aclaran las diferencias entre grupo focal y entrevista grupal, uso en investigación, preparación, grabación, guión, muestreo, estructura, moderador, conducción del debate, elementos previos y posteriores al debate, entre otros aspectos. Dos autores extranjeros tradicionales, David Morgan y Rosaline Barbour, se agregan al debate, contribuyendo con posiciones similares y distintas sobre la finalidad y características del grupo focal. Las experiencias con aplicación, enseñanza y entrenamiento del método basan las consideraciones descritas. La intención es que hayan sido aclaradas dudas y diluidas preconcepciones acerca del uso de grupo focal en la investigación, enfocando el abordaje cualitativo, pero con recomendaciones que deben acompañar su aplicación en el abordaje cuantitativo.O presente artigo teórico discute o papel do grupo focal na pesquisa qualitativa para além de seu uso como técnica em sessão única. Ele é apresentado como método, capaz de gerar contribuições relevantes e frutíferas. São reunidas e comparadas as principais contribuições de textos brasileiros selecionados, principalmente em virtude da singularidade na apresentação de o que sejam grupos focais. São esclarecidas as diferenças entre grupo focal e entrevista em grupo, uso em pesquisa, preparação, registro, roteiro, amostragem, estrutura, moderador, condução do debate, elementos pré- e pós-debate, dentre outros aspectos. Dois autores estrangeiros tradicionais, David Morgan e Rosaline Barbour, são acrescidos ao debate, contribuindo com posições semelhantes e distintas sobre a finalidade e características do grupo focal. Experiências com a aplicação, o ensino e o treinamento do método fundamentam as considerações traçadas. A intenção é que tenham sido esclarecidas dúvidas e dissolvidas preconcepções acerca do uso de grupo focal na pesquisa, focalizando a abordagem qualitativa, mas com recomendações que devem acompanhar sua aplicação na abordagem quantitativa

Recommendations for conducting focus groups in qualitative research

O presente artigo teórico discute o papel do grupo focal na pesquisa qualitativa para além de seu uso como técnica em sessão única. Ele é apresentado como método, capaz de gerar contribuições relevantes e frutíferas. São reunidas e comparadas as principais contribuições de textos brasileiros selecionados, principalmente em virtude da singularidade na apresentação de o que sejam grupos focais. São esclarecidas as diferenças entre grupo focal e entrevista em grupo, uso em pesquisa, preparação, registro, roteiro, amostragem, estrutura, moderador, condução do debate, elementos pré- e pós-debate, dentre outros aspectos. Dois autores estrangeiros tradicionais, David Morgan e Rosaline Barbour, são acrescidos ao debate, contribuindo com posições semelhantes e distintas sobre a finalidade e características do grupo focal. Experiências com a aplicação, o ensino e o treinamento do método fundamentam as considerações traçadas. A intenção é que tenham sido esclarecidas dúvidas e dissolvidas preconcepções acerca do uso de grupo focal na pesquisa, focalizando a abordagem qualitativa, mas com recomendações que devem acompanhar sua aplicação na abordagem quantitativa.El presente artículo teórico discute el papel del grupo focal en la investigación cualitativa además de su uso como técnica en sesión única. Se presenta como método, capaz de generar contribuciones relevantes y fructíferas. Se recogen y comparan las principales contribuciones de textos brasileños seleccionados, principalmente en virtud de la singularidad en la presentación de lo que sean grupos focales. Se aclaran las diferencias entre grupo focal y entrevista grupal, uso en investigación, preparación, grabación, guión, muestreo, estructura, moderador, conducción del debate, elementos previos y posteriores al debate, entre otros aspectos. Dos autores extranjeros tradicionales, David Morgan y Rosaline Barbour, se agregan al debate, contribuyendo con posiciones similares y distintas sobre la finalidad y características del grupo focal. Las experiencias con aplicación, enseñanza y entrenamiento del método basan las consideraciones descritas. La intención es que hayan sido aclaradas dudas y diluidas preconcepciones acerca del uso de grupo focal en la investigación, enfocando el abordaje cualitativo, pero con recomendaciones que deben acompañar su aplicación en el abordaje cuantitativo.This theoretical paper discusses the role of focus group in qualitative research beyond its use as a single session technique. It is presented as method, able to generate relevant and fruitful contributions. We gathered and compared the leading contributions from selected Brazilian publications, mainly due to their singularities on presenting focus groups. We explain the differences between focus groups and group interview, uses in research, preparation, recording, script, sampling, structure, moderator, debate conduction, pre- and post-debate elements, among other aspects. Two traditional foreign authors are added to the debate, David Morgan and Rosaline Barbour, contributing with similar and distinctive positions about the goal and the characteristics of focus group. We outline directions based on application, teaching, and training the method. The intention is that doubts had been clarified and preconceptions dissolved about the use of focus group in research, focusing the qualitative approach, but with recommendations that must accompany its application to the quantitative approach

Investigación con análisis cualitativo de datos : conociendo el análisis temático

Há uma diversidade de métodos para guiar a análise qualitativa. O pesquisador iniciante ainda carece de uma referência para análise qualitativa de dados que seja suficientemente flexível, frutífera e coerente com uma abordagem qualitativa. Mais notável é a referência à análise de conteúdo apropriada a abordagens quantitativas, mas livremente usada em estudos qualitativos. O objetivo deste texto é apresentar a Análise Temática como proposta por Virginia Braun e Victoria Clarke, focalizando em sua aplicação. Descreve-se o que é preciso saber sobre a Análise Temática antes de realizá-la e como conduzi-la em seus seis passos. São apresentados exemplos com dados coletados com amostra brasileira para ilustrar passos cruciais, bem como sete vantagens desse método. O texto encerra com recomendações para editores e pareceristas de periódicos científicos sobre o que priorizar na avaliação de trabalhos que relatam o uso da Análise Temática.There is a diversity of methods to guide qualitative analysis. The beginner researcher still lacks a reference for qualitative data analysis that is sufficiently flexible, fruitful, and coherent to a qualitative approach. Most noticeable is the reference to content analysis suitable for quantitative approaches, but loosely used in qualitative studies. The goal of this paper is to present Thematic Analysis as designed by Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke, with focus on its use. We describe what is necessary to know about Thematic Analysis before applying it and how to conduct its six steps. The paper provides examples with data collected with a Brazilian sample to illustrate crucial steps, as well as seven advantages for using this method. We finish with recommendations to editors and reviewers from scientific journals on what to prioritize in evaluating papers that used Thematic Analysis.Hay una diversidad de métodos para guiar el análisis cualitativo El investigador novato todavía carece de una referencia para el análisis cualitativo que sea suficientemente flexible, fructífero y coherente con un enfoque cualitativo. Más notable es la referencia al análisis de contenido apropiado a enfoques cuantitativos, pero libremente utilizados en estudios cualitativos. El objetivo de este texto es presentar el Análisis Temático como propuesto por Virginia Braun y Victoria Clarke, enfocándose en su aplicación. Se describe lo que hay que saber sobre el Análisis Temático antes de realizarlo y cómo conducirlo en sus seis pasos. Se presentan ejemplos con datos recolectados con muestra brasileña para ilustrar pasos cruciales, así como siete ventajas de ese método. El texto concluye con recomendaciones para editores y evaluadores de periódicos científicos sobre qué priorizar en la evaluación de trabajos que relatan el uso del Análisis Temático

Rites of passage: A comparison of US, Malaysian and Brazilian adolescents

This study compares the life events perceived as "rites of passage" from adolescence to adulthood by respondents between the ages of 14 and 23 in 3 countries and discusses the possible influences of culture and globalization on these perceptions. Participants include: (1) 250 adolescents from the US (125 males and 125 females); (2) 191 adolescents from southeastern Brazil (70 males and 121 females); and (3) 163 adolescents from Malaysia (76 males and 87 females). These adolescents ranked a variety of life events which may be perceived as indicative of adult status by completing a questionnaire about perceived rites of passage. Although there were similarities among the 3 groups, several differences also emerged. The most commonly noted indicator of adult status for Malaysian youth was physical maturity, followed by completing one's education. Participants from the US cited financial independence as the major indicator of adult status, while those from Brazil cited the ability to make important decisions independently from family and to take responsibility for others, such as children, aging parents or a spouse. Brazilian youth were significantly more likely to cite a love affair and voting in major elections as rites of passage than were participants from the other 2 countries. Participants from the US were significantly more likely to cite military service, and Malaysian youth were significantly more likely to consider completion of education and achieving physical maturity as rites of passage. Gender and age differences within groups were evident on some items, but these were not consistent across groups. Possible explanations for the differences between countries and implications for educators working with adolescents in rapidly changing societies are discussed. (Contains 7 tables and 1 footnote.

Rites of passage: A comparison of US, Malaysian and Brazilian adolescents

This study compares the life events perceived as "rites of passage" from adolescence to adulthood by respondents between the ages of 14 and 23 in 3 countries and discusses the possible influences of culture and globalization on these perceptions. Participants include: (1) 250 adolescents from the US (125 males and 125 females); (2) 191 adolescents from southeastern Brazil (70 males and 121 females); and (3) 163 adolescents from Malaysia (76 males and 87 females). These adolescents ranked a variety of life events which may be perceived as indicative of adult status by completing a questionnaire about perceived rites of passage. Although there were similarities among the 3 groups, several differences also emerged. The most commonly noted indicator of adult status for Malaysian youth was physical maturity, followed by completing one's education. Participants from the US cited financial independence as the major indicator of adult status, while those from Brazil cited the ability to make important decisions independently from family and to take responsibility for others, such as children, aging parents or a spouse. Brazilian youth were significantly more likely to cite a love affair and voting in major elections as rites of passage than were participants from the other 2 countries. Participants from the US were significantly more likely to cite military service, and Malaysian youth were significantly more likely to consider completion of education and achieving physical maturity as rites of passage. Gender and age differences within groups were evident on some items, but these were not consistent across groups. Possible explanations for the differences between countries and implications for educators working with adolescents in rapidly changing societies are discussed. (Contains 7 tables and 1 footnote.

Rites of passage: A comparison of US, Malaysian and Brazilian adolescents

This study compares the life events perceived as "rites of passage" from adolescence to adulthood by respondents between the ages of 14 and 23 in 3 countries and discusses the possible influences of culture and globalization on these perceptions. Participants include: (1) 250 adolescents from the US (125 males and 125 females); (2) 191 adolescents from southeastern Brazil (70 males and 121 females); and (3) 163 adolescents from Malaysia (76 males and 87 females). These adolescents ranked a variety of life events which may be perceived as indicative of adult status by completing a questionnaire about perceived rites of passage. Although there were similarities among the 3 groups, several differences also emerged. The most commonly noted indicator of adult status for Malaysian youth was physical maturity, followed by completing one's education. Participants from the US cited financial independence as the major indicator of adult status, while those from Brazil cited the ability to make important decisions independently from family and to take responsibility for others, such as children, aging parents or a spouse. Brazilian youth were significantly more likely to cite a love affair and voting in major elections as rites of passage than were participants from the other 2 countries. Participants from the US were significantly more likely to cite military service, and Malaysian youth were significantly more likely to consider completion of education and achieving physical maturity as rites of passage. Gender and age differences within groups were evident on some items, but these were not consistent across groups. Possible explanations for the differences between countries and implications for educators working with adolescents in rapidly changing societies are discussed. (Contains 7 tables and 1 footnote.

Rites of passage: A comparison of US, Malaysian and Brazilian adolescents

This study compares the life events perceived as "rites of passage" from adolescence to adulthood by respondents between the ages of 14 and 23 in 3 countries and discusses the possible influences of culture and globalization on these perceptions. Participants include: (1) 250 adolescents from the US (125 males and 125 females); (2) 191 adolescents from southeastern Brazil (70 males and 121 females); and (3) 163 adolescents from Malaysia (76 males and 87 females). These adolescents ranked a variety of life events which may be perceived as indicative of adult status by completing a questionnaire about perceived rites of passage. Although there were similarities among the 3 groups, several differences also emerged. The most commonly noted indicator of adult status for Malaysian youth was physical maturity, followed by completing one's education. Participants from the US cited financial independence as the major indicator of adult status, while those from Brazil cited the ability to make important decisions independently from family and to take responsibility for others, such as children, aging parents or a spouse. Brazilian youth were significantly more likely to cite a love affair and voting in major elections as rites of passage than were participants from the other 2 countries. Participants from the US were significantly more likely to cite military service, and Malaysian youth were significantly more likely to consider completion of education and achieving physical maturity as rites of passage. Gender and age differences within groups were evident on some items, but these were not consistent across groups. Possible explanations for the differences between countries and implications for educators working with adolescents in rapidly changing societies are discussed. (Contains 7 tables and 1 footnote.

Un análisis cualitativo de eventos de guiones de vida en una muestra brasileña

Life scripts are shared cultural expectations about a selected group of events that occur during the life of a common individual in a certain culture. Life scripts are, therefore, normative expectations within a given culture regarding individual life patterns. We conducted a thematic analysis on 2,688 life script events indicated by 384 adults, mostly from the south and southeast regions of Brazil (70.3 women %). Following previous studies, we identified 74 events, or groups of events, common to other cultures; 30 events not mentioned by our participants; and 40 events specifically yielded by our analysis. Results show that first-time events play a special role on life scripts of Brazilians, as well as contents such as attending political events and post-graduate education. Methodological considerations on the qualitative analyses required to identify life events are discussed. Future studies may investigate prevalence, importance, valence, and gender and age differences with Brazilian participants.Roteiros de vida são expectativas culturais acerca de um determinado grupo de eventos que ocorrem durante a vida de um indivíduo comum. Roteiros de vida são, portanto, expectativas normatizadas em uma determinada cultura com relação aos padrões de vida individuais. Foi conduzida uma análise temática em 2688 eventos de roteiros de vida relatados por 384 adultos, majoritariamente das regiões sul e sudeste do Brasil (70,3% mulheres). A partir de estudos prévios, foram identificadas 74 categorias de eventos comuns a diversas culturas; 30 não mencionadas pela amostra, e 40 emergentes da análise. Os resultados mostram que eventos relacionados à “primeira vez” tem papel especial nos roteiros de vida dos brasileiros, assim como conteúdos tais quais “comparecer a eventos políticos” e “pós-graduação”. Considerações metodológicas acerca da análise qualitativa são necessárias para identificar os eventos de vida discutidos. Estudos futuros podem investigar prevalência, importância, valência, e diferenças etárias e de gênero em brasileiros