PSEUDOCHOLINESTERASE AS A PREDICTOR MARKER IN HYPOTHYROID PATIENTS

Introduction: Hypothyroidism is due to decreased circulating levels of Thyroid hormones and is caused by inadequate functioning of thyroid gland. Pseudocholinesterase (PCHE) is a nonspecific cholinesterase enzyme that hydrolyses choline based esters in plasma. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the serum level of PCHE in hypothyroid patients. Methodology: The present study was conducted on 100 newly diagnosed hypothyroid patients attending the Medical OPD. The results of patients were compared with 100 healthy controls of either sex of similar age group. Anthropometric measurements, T3, T4, TSH, PCHE & Cholesterol estimations were performed. Results: The mean serum PCHE (decrease) level was observed statistically highly significant (p<0.001) in hypothyroid patients as compared with healthy control subjects. A highly significant positive correlation between PCHE with T3 & T4 (p< 0.001) in hypothyroid cases. Conclusion: Serum Pseudocholinesterase may be helpful as biomarker in screening test  for hypothyroidism along with thyroid stimulating hormone

PSEUDOCHOLINESTERASE AS A PREDICTOR MARKER IN HYPOTHYROID PATIENTS

Introduction: Hypothyroidism is due to decreased circulating levels of Thyroid hormones and is caused by inadequate functioning of thyroid gland. Pseudocholinesterase (PCHE) is a nonspecific cholinesterase enzyme that hydrolyses choline based esters in plasma. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the serum level of PCHE in hypothyroid patients. Methodology: The present study was conducted on 100 newly diagnosed hypothyroid patients attending the Medical OPD. The results of patients were compared with 100 healthy controls of either sex of similar age group. Anthropometric measurements, T3, T4, TSH, PCHE & Cholesterol estimations were performed. Results: The mean serum PCHE (decrease) level was observed statistically highly significant (p<0.001) in hypothyroid patients as compared with healthy control subjects. A highly significant positive correlation between PCHE with T3 & T4 (p< 0.001) in hypothyroid cases. Conclusion: Serum Pseudocholinesterase may be helpful as biomarker in screening test  for hypothyroidism along with thyroid stimulating hormone

Hepatoprotective Activity of the Extract of Crataeva nurvala Bark Against CCl4 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats

The present work is focused on investigation of hepatoprotective activity of bark of Crataeva nurvala. It’s hepatoprotective activity was studied in the form of its aqueous and ethanolic extract and its isolated compound, against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. The In-vitro study demonstrated the lowering of GPT and LDH level in isolated hepatocytes. Further more, an alteration in the level of biochemical markers, i.e., SGOT, SGPT, SALP and bilirubin were studied in-vivo on albino rats after CCl4 induced hepatic damage.  Ethanolic extract (dose 250 mg/kg & 500 mg/kg) and isolated compound (dose 50 mg/kg) induced lowering of biochemical markers near to the normal levels in dose dependent manner, while there was no remarkable change with the aqueous extract (dose 250 mg/kg and 500mg/kg). Hence, the findings confirmed that ethanolic extract and isolated compound of C. nurvala bark possess hepatoprotective activity

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P < 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely

SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 Delta variant replication and immune evasion

Abstract: The B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first identified in the state of Maharashtra in late 2020 and spread throughout India, outcompeting pre-existing lineages including B.1.617.1 (Kappa) and B.1.1.7 (Alpha)1. In vitro, B.1.617.2 is sixfold less sensitive to serum neutralizing antibodies from recovered individuals, and eightfold less sensitive to vaccine-elicited antibodies, compared with wild-type Wuhan-1 bearing D614G. Serum neutralizing titres against B.1.617.2 were lower in ChAdOx1 vaccinees than in BNT162b2 vaccinees. B.1.617.2 spike pseudotyped viruses exhibited compromised sensitivity to monoclonal antibodies to the receptor-binding domain and the amino-terminal domain. B.1.617.2 demonstrated higher replication efficiency than B.1.1.7 in both airway organoid and human airway epithelial systems, associated with B.1.617.2 spike being in a predominantly cleaved state compared with B.1.1.7 spike. The B.1.617.2 spike protein was able to mediate highly efficient syncytium formation that was less sensitive to inhibition by neutralizing antibody, compared with that of wild-type spike. We also observed that B.1.617.2 had higher replication and spike-mediated entry than B.1.617.1, potentially explaining the B.1.617.2 dominance. In an analysis of more than 130 SARS-CoV-2-infected health care workers across three centres in India during a period of mixed lineage circulation, we observed reduced ChAdOx1 vaccine effectiveness against B.1.617.2 relative to non-B.1.617.2, with the caveat of possible residual confounding. Compromised vaccine efficacy against the highly fit and immune-evasive B.1.617.2 Delta variant warrants continued infection control measures in the post-vaccination era

KETOCONAZOLE LADEN MICROEMULSION BASED GEL FORMULATION AGAINST SKIN FUNGAL INFECTION

Objective: The present research was aimed to develop ketoconazole (KT) loaded microemulsion based gel formulation for effective topical delivery through enhanced drug solubility, improved skin permeation and reduced side effects overcoming drawbacks of conventional dosage forms. Methods: For selection of oil, surfactant and co-surfactant mixture (Smix) ratio, the phase titration method was used and pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were prepared. D-optimal mixture design was employed to optimize the microemulsion system taking oil, Smix and water as independent variables and particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, % transmittance and cumulative % drug release as response variables. Finally, topical gel formulation of KT loaded microemulsion was developed and evaluated for physico-chemical properties, rheological properties, in-vitro drug release kinetics and ex-vivo drug permeation. Results: The optimized microemulsion was found to be a transparent formulation with 19.7 nm particle size, 0.268 polydispersity index, -0.2 mV zeta potential, 97.83% transmittance and 85.85% cumulative drug release at 24 h. The developed gel of optimized microemulsion possessed pH 6.20, viscosity 2178 cps, spreadability 18.634 g.cm2/sec, adhesiveness 45.989 N/mm2, and cohesiveness -85.583. The in-vitro drug release was found to be 69.08 % (at 24 h) showing sustained release and Higuchi kinetic profile. The developed gel exhibited 1.84 fold higher drug permeation flux as compared to marketed product. Conclusion: The developed gel formulation possessed all desired quality attributes and physico-chemical properties. The in-vitro and ex-vivo study data proved it’s suitability as better alternative to conventional products in effective treatment of skin fungal infections

BOX-BEHNKEN DESIGN OPTIMIZATION OF SALICYLIC ACID LOADED LIPOSOMAL GEL FORMULATION FOR TREATMENT OF FOOT CORN

Objective: The present research is aimed to design and optimize a liposomal gel formulation of salicylic acid (SA) for enhanced drug permeation, higher skin drug retention, sustained release drug delivery and reduced side effects in effective treatment of foot corn. Methods: Formulation designing and optimization of SA loaded liposomes was done by Box-Behnken experimental design using the three-factor, three-level approach. Phospholipid content, cholesterol content and drug content were selected as independent variables; while the critical quality attributes (CQAs) of liposomal formulation like particle size, PDI, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency and cumulative % drug release were considered as response variables. The SA loaded liposomes were prepared by ethanol injection method and were characterized for desired CQAs. Finally, topical gel formulation of SA loaded liposomes was developed and evaluated for drug content, homogeneity, spreadability, in-vitro drug release, drug release kinetics, ex-vivo drug permeation and skin retention properties. Results: The particle size, PDI, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency and cumulative % drug release of SA loaded liposomes was found to be 261.2 nm, 0.28, 0.7 mV, 57.53% and 99.57%, respectively. Developed topical gel formulation of SA loaded liposomes exhibited sustained drug release profile (64.48% cumulative release over 360 min) following Higuchi model kinetics. The developed formulation showed almost 2-fold enhanced drug permeation (i.e., 26.50%) and more than 2-fold higher drug retention (i.e., 10.90%) on porcine ear skin as compared to the plain salicylic acid gel. Conclusion: The SA loaded liposomes and developed topical gel formulation possessed all desired CQAs. The in-vitro drug release kinetics, ex-vivo drug permeation and skin retention studies confirmed the suitability of developed formulation for topical application in effective treatment of foot corn

Not Available

Not AvailableNot AvailableNot Availabl

Not Available

Not AvailableNot AvailableNot Availabl