Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

The application of the support vector machine to the classification

A classification technique, known as Support Vector Machine (SVM) is applied to tobacco data from the SYFT technologies Ltd. The SVM is used to classify illegal from others. Decision tree is performed prior to SVM and these two classification methods are compared by misclassification rate for the accuracy of classification performance

Plan national VIH/SIDA/IST 2010-2014 et dépistage généralisé du VIH par le médecin généraliste (quelles perspectives en Picardie?)

Le Plan National VIH/SIDA/IST 2010-2014 présente de nouvelles stratégies de dépistage dans la population générale, et a pour principal acteur le médecin généraliste. Nous avons voulu évaluer les perspectives d application de ce plan par les médecins généralistes de Picardie. Un questionnaire a été envoyé à un échantillon de 600 médecins représentatifs des médecins généralistes de Picardie. Sur un total de 168 réponses exploitables, 59,9 % des médecins interrogés ne connaissaient pas le Plan National VIH/SIDA/IST 2010-2014. 82,3 % des médecins acceptaient un changement de leurs pratiques actuelles vers une proposition de dépistage du VIH plus fréquente (59,7 %) voire systématique (22,6 %). Les 29 médecins qui refusaient de modifier leurs pratiques de dépistage ne voyaient pas l intérêt d une telle campagne et pensaient que la proposition pouvait être mal perçue par le patient. 44,2 % des médecins ne pensaient pas trouver d obstacle à cette proposition de dépistage systématique. Les autres pensaient avoir des difficultés avec l introduction du sujet du dépistage dans une consultation (44,9 %) et avec les consultations à plusieurs (27,9 %). Les médecins généralistes étaient divisés sur l introduction des TROD au cabinet de médecine générale et 44,6 % des médecins pensaient que leur utilisation faciliterait la proposition de dépistage du VIH. Les médecins généralistes de Picardie semblent d accord pour effectuer le dépistage systématique du VIH dans le cadre du Plan National VIH/SIDA/IST 2010-2014, mais le manque d information à leur intention depuis le début de la campagne apparait comme un obstacle important à l application de ce plan.The HIV/AIDS/STI National Plan 2010-2014 sets out new strategies for screening the general population, with the key role being played by general practitioners. We wanted to assess the prospects for this plan being implemented by general practitioners in Picardy. A questionnaire was sent to a representative sample of 600 general practitioners in Picardy. Out of a total of 168 usable responses, 59.9% of those questioned were not aware of the HIV/AIDS/STI National Plan 2010-2014. 82.3% of doctors were prepared to change their current practices in order to offer more frequent (59.7%) or even systematic (22.6%) HIV screening. The 29 doctors who refused to alter their screening practices could not see the benefit of such a campaign and felt that the offer of screening might be wrongly perceived by patients. 44.2% of doctors could not see any obstacles to offering this systematic screening. The rest felt that it could be difficult introducing the subject of screening during a consultation (44.9%) and in those cases where patients are accompanied during consultations (27.9%). General practitioners were divided about the introduction of RDTs in general practice: 44.6% of doctors felt that their use would make it easier to offer HIV screening. General practitioners in Picardy seem to agree with systematic HIV screening under the HIV/AIDS/STI National Plan 2010-2014, but the lack of information provided to them since the start of the campaign seems to be a major obstacle to this plan being implemented.AMIENS-BU Santé (800212102) / SudocSudocFranceF

The Impact of Device Settings, Use Patterns, and Flavorings on Carbonyl Emissions from Electronic Cigarettes

Health impacts of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) vaping are associated with the harmful chemicals emitted from e-cigarettes such as carbonyls. However, the levels of various carbonyl compounds under real-world vaping conditions have been understudied. This study evaluated the levels of carbonyl compounds (e.g., formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, glyoxal, and diacetyl, etc.) under various device settings (i.e., power output), vaping topographies, and e-liquid compositions (i.e., base liquid, flavor types). The results showed that e-vapor carbonyl levels were the highest under higher power outputs. The propylene glycol (PG)-based e-liquids generated higher formaldehyde and acetaldehyde than vegetable glycerin (VG)-based e-liquids. In addition, fruit flavored e-liquids (i.e., strawberry and dragon fruit) generated higher formaldehyde emissions than mint/menthol and creamy/sweet flavored e-liquids. While single-top coils formed 3.5-fold more formaldehyde per puff than conventional cigarette smoking, bottom coils generated 10–10,000 times less formaldehyde per puff. In general, increases in puff volume and longer puff durations generated significantly higher amounts of formaldehyde. While e-cigarettes emitted much lower levels of carbonyl compounds compared to conventional cigarettes, the presence of several toxic carbonyl compounds in e-cigarette vapor may still pose potential health risks for users without smoking history, including youth. Therefore, the public health administrations need to consider the vaping conditions which generated higher carbonyls, such as higher power output with PG e-liquid, when developing e-cigarette product standards

Phase hépatique du paludisme : voies d’entrée des sporozoïtes de Plasmodium

Les sporozoïtes de Plasmodium sont transmis par des moustiques du genre Anopheles, migrent jusqu’au foie et infectent les hépatocytes de l’hôte, où les parasites se multiplient et se différencient avant d’infecter les globules rouges : il s’agit de la phase pré-érythrocytaire de l’infection, asymptomatique et obligatoire. L’invasion des hépatocytes constitue une cible idéale pour des approches anti-paludiques prophylactiques, mais les mécanismes impliqués dans cette étape restent mal connus. Les parasites du phylum Apicomplexa infectent leurs cellules cibles à travers une structure spécifique, appelée jonction, pour former une vacuole parasitophore, essentielle au développement du parasite. La tétraspanine CD81, l’un des récepteurs du virus de l’hépatite C, joue un rôle crucial lors de l’infection du foie par les sporozoïtes de Plasmodium. CD81 intervient à la phase précoce de l’infection, probablement au niveau de l’entrée du sporozoïte. Le rôle précis de CD81 au cours de l’infection reste à définir, mais l’hypothèse actuelle est que CD81 intervient indirectement, en régulant l’activité d’un ou plusieurs autres facteurs essentiels, d’origine hépatocytaire ou parasitaire, au sein de microdomaines membranaires enrichis en tétraspanines

Phase hépatique du paludisme : voies d’entrée des sporozoïtes de Plasmodium

Les sporozoïtes de Plasmodium sont transmis par des moustiques du genre Anopheles, migrent jusqu’au foie et infectent les hépatocytes de l’hôte, où les parasites se multiplient et se différencient avant d’infecter les globules rouges : il s’agit de la phase pré-érythrocytaire de l’infection, asymptomatique et obligatoire. L’invasion des hépatocytes constitue une cible idéale pour des approches anti-paludiques prophylactiques, mais les mécanismes impliqués dans cette étape restent mal connus. Les parasites du phylum Apicomplexa infectent leurs cellules cibles à travers une structure spécifique, appelée jonction, pour former une vacuole parasitophore, essentielle au développement du parasite. La tétraspanine CD81, l’un des récepteurs du virus de l’hépatite C, joue un rôle crucial lors de l’infection du foie par les sporozoïtes de Plasmodium. CD81 intervient à la phase précoce de l’infection, probablement au niveau de l’entrée du sporozoïte. Le rôle précis de CD81 au cours de l’infection reste à définir, mais l’hypothèse actuelle est que CD81 intervient indirectement, en régulant l’activité d’un ou plusieurs autres facteurs essentiels, d’origine hépatocytaire ou parasitaire, au sein de microdomaines membranaires enrichis en tétraspanines

Blocking and its Response to Climate Change

Purpose of Review Atmospheric blocking events represent some of the most high-impact weather patterns in the mid-latitudes, yet they have often been a cause for concern in future climate projections. There has been low confidence in predicted future changes in blocking, despite relatively good agreement between climate models on a decline in blocking. This is due to the lack of a comprehensive theory of blocking and a pervasive underestimation of blocking occurrence bymodels. This paper reviews the state of knowledge regarding blocking under climate change, with the aim of providing an overview for those working in related fields. Recent Findings Several avenues have been identified by which blocking can be improved in numerical models, though a fully reliable simulation remains elusive (at least, beyond a few days lead time). Models are therefore starting to provide some useful information on how blocking and its impacts may change in the future, although deeper understanding of the processes at play will be needed to increase confidence in model projections. There are still major uncertainties regarding the processes most important to the onset, maintenance and decay of blocking and advances in our understanding of atmospheric dynamics, for example in the role of diabatic processes, continue to inform the modelling and prediction efforts. Summary The term ‘blocking’ covers a diverse array of synoptic patterns, and hence a bewildering range of indices has been developed to identify events. Results are hence not considered fully trustworthy until they have been found using several different methods. Examples of such robust results are the underestimation of blocking by models, and an overall decline in future occurrence, albeit with a complex regional and seasonal variation. In contrast, hemispheric trends in blocking over the recent historical period are not supported by different methods, and natural variability will likely dominate regional variations over the next few decades

Thrive Magazine, Semester One

Thrive Magazine aims to amplify student voices at Bryant University through student written pieces, interviews, and photographs. Thrive Magazine was created under the guidance of editor in chief, Joey Leszczynski, and first published in January 2021. Thrive Magazine plans to publish a physical and digital copy twice a semester