44 research outputs found
Shot noise in mesoscopic systems
This is a review of shot noise, the time-dependent fluctuations in the
electrical current due to the discreteness of the electron charge, in small
conductors. The shot-noise power can be smaller than that of a Poisson process
as a result of correlations in the electron transmission imposed by the Pauli
principle. This suppression takes on simple universal values in a symmetric
double-barrier junction (suppression factor 1/2), a disordered metal (factor
1/3), and a chaotic cavity (factor 1/4). Loss of phase coherence has no effect
on this shot-noise suppression, while thermalization of the electrons due to
electron-electron scattering increases the shot noise slightly. Sub-Poissonian
shot noise has been observed experimentally. So far unobserved phenomena
involve the interplay of shot noise with the Aharonov-Bohm effect, Andreev
reflection, and the fractional quantum Hall effect.Comment: 37 pages, Latex, 10 figures (eps). To be published in "Mesoscopic
Electron Transport," edited by L. P. Kouwenhoven, G. Schoen, and L. L. Sohn,
NATO ASI Series E (Kluwer Academic Publishing, Dordrecht
Enhanced non-volatile memory characteristics with quattro-layer graphene nanoplatelets vs. 2.85-nm Si nanoparticles with asymmetric Al2O3/HfO2 tunnel oxide
The association between socioeconomic status and traditional chinese medicine use among children in Taiwan
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) utilization is common in Asian countries. Limited studies are available on the socioeconomic status (SES) associated with TCM use among the pediatric population. We report on the association between SES and TCM use among children and adolescents in Taiwan.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A National Health Interview Survey was conducted in Taiwan in 2001 that included 5,971 children and adolescents. We assessed the children's SES using the head of household's education, occupation and income. This information was used to calculate pediatric SES scores, which in turn were divided into quartiles. Children and adolescents who visited TCM in the past month were defined as TCM users.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Compared to children in the second SES quartile, children in the fourth SES quartile had a higher average number of TCM visits (0.12 vs. 0.06 visits, p = 0.027) and higher TCM use prevalence (5.0% vs. 3.6%, p = 0.024) within the past month. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for TCM use was higher for children in the fourth SES quartile than for those in the first SES quartile (OR 1.49; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-2.17). The corresponding OR was 2.17 for girls (95% CI 1.24-3.78). The highest-SES girls (aged 10-18 years) were most likely to visit TCM practices (OR 2.47; 95% CI 1.25-4.90).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Children and adolescents with high SES were more likely to use TCM and especially girls aged 10-18 years. Our findings point to the high use of complementary and alternative medicine among children and adolescents.</p
PrevalĂȘncia de Staphylococcus spp resistentes Ă meticilina isolados em uma maternidade escola da Cidade de Natal, Estado do Rio Grande do Norte
Case report: mismatch repair proficiency and microsatellite stability in gastric cancer may not predict programmed death-1 blockade resistance
A prospective review of outcomes of metallic ureteric stents
Abstract and Oral Presentation: Oral (Free Paper) Session III: Andrology / Stone & Infection / Stents: abstract no. OP.3-
Association of time to prostate-specific antigen nadir and logarithm of prostate-specific antigen velocity after progression in metastatic prostate cancer with prior primary androgen deprivation therapy
We investigated the association of time to prostate-specific antigen nadir (TTPN) and logarithm of prostate-specific antigen velocity after progression Log(PSAVAP) in metastatic prostate cancer with prior primary androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). All metastatic prostate cancer patients treated with primary ADT from 2000 to 2009 were reviewed. Patients who developed disease progression were included in the subsequent analyses. Patients were categorized into three groups according to their TTPN: TTPN of 17 months. We compared the Log(PSAVAP) between the different TTPN groups using Mann-Whitney U-test and Kruskal-Wallis test. Further multiple linear regression analyses on Log(PSAVAP) were performed to adjust for other potential confounding factors. Among 419 patients who were treated with primary ADT, 306 patients developed disease progression with a median follow-up of 28 months. Longer TTPN was associated with lower Log(PSAVAP) (P = 0.008) within all subgroup analyses (TTPN of 17 months, P= 0.009; and TTPN of 17 months, P= 0.001). Upon multiple linear regression analyses, baseline PSA (regression coefficient 0.001, P= 0.045), PSA nadir (regression coefficient 0.002, P= 0.040), and TTPN (regression coefficient â0.030, P= 0.001) were the three factors that were significantly associated with Log(PSAVAP). In conclusion, a longer TTPN was associated with lower Log(PSAVAP) in metastatic prostate cancer patients following primary ADT. TTPN cut-offs at 3 months and 17 months appeared to have prognostic significance in predicting Log(PSAVAP). TTPN may serve as a good prognostic indicator in deciding the treatment strategy in patients with disease progression
Cost-effectiveness analysis of breast cancer control interventions in peru
Contains fulltext :
125263.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)OBJECTIVES: In Peru, a country with constrained health resources, breast cancer control is characterized by late stage treatment and poor survival. To support breast cancer control in Peru, this study aims to determine the cost-effectiveness of different breast cancer control interventions relevant for the Peruvian context. METHODS: We performed a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) according to WHO-CHOICE guidelines, from a healthcare perspective. Different screening, early detection, palliative, and treatment interventions were evaluated using mathematical modeling. Effectiveness estimates were based on observational studies, modeling, and on information from Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas (INEN). Resource utilizations and unit costs were based on estimates from INEN and observational studies. Cost-effectiveness estimates are in 2012 United States dollars (US8,426 per DALY averted) could be improved through implementing triennial or biennial screening strategies. These strategies seem the most cost-effective in Peru, particularly when mobile mammography is applied (from 4,239 per DALY averted). Triennially, these interventions costs between 72 million per year. Late stage treatment, trastuzumab therapy and annual screening strategies are the least cost-effective. CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis suggests that breast cancer control in Peru should be oriented towards early detection through combining fixed and mobile mammography screening (age 45-69) triennially. However, a phased introduction of triennial CBE screening (age 40-69) with upfront FNA in non-urban settings, and both CBE (age 40-49) and fixed mammography screening (age 50-69) in urban settings, seems a more feasible option and is also cost-effective. The implementation of this intervention is only meaningful if awareness raising, diagnostic, referral, treatment and basic palliative services are simultaneously improved, and if financial and organizational barriers to these services are reduced