The provocative lumbar facet joint

Low back pain is the most common pain symptom experienced by American adults and is the second most common reason for primary care physician visits. There are many structures in the lumbar spine that can serve as pain generators and often the etiology of low back pain is multifactorial. However, the facet joint has been increasingly recognized as an important cause of low back pain. Facet joint pain can be diagnosed with local anesthetic blocks of the medial branches or of the facet joints themselves. Subsequent radiofrequency lesioning of the medial branches can provide more long-term pain relief. Despite some of the pitfalls associated with facet joint blocks, they have been shown to be valid, safe, and reliable as a diagnostic tool. Medial branch denervation has shown some promise for the sustained control of lumbar facet joint-mediated pain, but at this time, there is insufficient evidence that it is a wholly efficacious treatment option. Developing a universal algorithm for evaluating facet joint-mediated pain and standard procedural techniques may facilitate the performance of larger outcome studies. This review article provides an overview of the anatomy, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of facet joint-mediated pain

The controversy of patellar resurfacing in total knee arthroplasty: Ibisne in medio tutissimus?

Early arthroplasty designs were associated with a high level of anterior knee pain as they failed to cater for the patello-femoral joint. Patellar resurfacing was heralded as the saviour safeguarding patient satisfaction and success but opinion on its necessity has since deeply divided the scientific community and has become synonymous to topics of religion or politics. Opponents of resurfacing contend that the native patella provides better patellar tracking, improved clinical function, and avoids implant-related complications, whilst proponents argue that patients have less pain, are overall more satisfied, and avert the need for secondary resurfacing. The question remains whether complications associated with patellar resurfacing including those arising from future component revision outweigh the somewhat increased incidence of anterior knee pain recorded in unresurfaced patients. The current scientific literature, which is often affected by methodological limitations and observer bias, remains confusing as it provides evidence in support of both sides of the argument, whilst blinded satisfaction studies comparing resurfaced and non-resurfaced knees generally reveal equivalent results. Even national arthroplasty register data show wide variations in the proportion of patellar resurfacing between countries that cannot be explained by cultural differences alone. Advocates who always resurface or never resurface indiscriminately expose the patella to a random choice. Selective resurfacing offers a compromise by providing a decision algorithm based on a propensity for improved clinical success, whilst avoiding potential complications associated with unnecessary resurfacing. Evidence regarding the validity of selection criteria, however, is missing, and the decision when to resurface is often based on intuitive reasoning. Our lack of understanding why, irrespective of pre-operative symptoms and patellar resurfacing, some patients may suffer pain following TKA and others may not have so far stifled our efforts to make the strategy of selective resurfacing succeed. We should hence devote our efforts in defining predictive criteria and indicators that will enable us to reliably identify those individuals who might benefit from a resurfacing procedure. Level of evidence V

Mechanisms and management of loss of response to anti-TNF therapy for patients with Crohn's disease: 3-year data from the prospective, multicentre PANTS cohort study

This is the final version. Available from Elsevier via the DOI in this record. Background We sought to report the effectiveness of infliximab and adalimumab over the first 3 years of treatment and to define the factors that predict anti-TNF treatment failure and the strategies that prevent or mitigate loss of response. Methods Personalised Anti-TNF therapy in Crohn’s disease (PANTS) is a UK-wide, multicentre, prospective observational cohort study reporting the rates of effectiveness of infliximab and adalimumab in anti-TNF-naive patients with active luminal Crohn’s disease aged 6 years and older. At the end of the first year, sites were invited to enrol participants still receiving study drug into the 2-year PANTS-extension study. We estimated rates of remission across the whole cohort at the end of years 1, 2, and 3 of the study using a modified survival technique with permutation testing. Multivariable regression and survival analyses were used to identify factors associated with loss of response in patients who had initially responded to anti-TNF therapy and with immunogenicity. Loss of response was defined in patients who initially responded to anti-TNF therapy at the end of induction and who subsequently developed symptomatic activity that warranted an escalation of steroid, immunomodulatory, or anti-TNF therapy, resectional surgery, or exit from study due to treatment failure. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03088449, and is now complete. Findings Between March 19, 2014, and Sept 21, 2017, 389 (41%) of 955 patients treated with infliximab and 209 (32%) of 655 treated with adalimumab in the PANTS study entered the PANTS-extension study (median age 32·5 years [IQR 22·1–46·8], 307 [51%] of 598 were female, and 291 [49%] were male). The estimated proportion of patients in remission at the end of years 1, 2, and 3 were, for infliximab 40·2% (95% CI 36·7–43·7), 34·4% (29·9–39·0), and 34·7% (29·8–39·5), and for adalimumab 35·9% (95% CI 31·2–40·5), 32·9% (26·8–39·2), and 28·9% (21·9–36·3), respectively. Optimal drug concentrations at week 14 to predict remission at any later timepoints were 6·1–10·0 mg/L for infliximab and 10·1–12·0 mg/L for adalimumab. After excluding patients who had primary non-response, the estimated proportions of patients who had loss of response by years 1, 2, and 3 were, for infliximab 34·4% (95% CI 30·4–38·2), 54·5% (49·4–59·0), and 60·0% (54·1–65·2), and for adalimumab 32·1% (26·7–37·1), 47·2% (40·2–53·4), and 68·4% (50·9–79·7), respectively. In multivariable analysis, loss of response at year 2 and 3 for patients treated with infliximab and adalimumab was predicted by low anti-TNF drug concentrations at week 14 (infliximab: hazard ratio [HR] for each ten-fold increase in drug concentration 0·45 [95% CI 0·30–0·67], adalimumab: 0·39 [0·22–0·70]). For patients treated with infliximab, loss of response was also associated with female sex (vs male sex; HR 1·47 [95% CI 1·11–1·95]), obesity (vs not obese 1·62 [1·08–2·42]), baseline white cell count (1·06 [1·02–1·11) per 1 × 10⁹ increase in cells per L), and thiopurine dose quartile. Among patients treated with adalimumab, carriage of the HLA-DQA1*05 risk variant was associated with loss of response (HR 1·95 [95% CI 1·17–3·25]). By the end of year 3, the estimated proportion of patients who developed anti-drug antibodies associated with undetectable drug concentrations was 44·0% (95% CI 38·1–49·4) among patients treated with infliximab and 20·3% (13·8–26·2) among those treated with adalimumab. The development of antidrug antibodies associated with undetectable drug concentrations was significantly associated with treatment without concomitant immunomodulator use for both groups (HR for immunomodulator use: infliximab 0·40 [95% CI 0·31–0·52], adalimumab 0·42 [95% CI 0·24–0·75]), and with carriage of HLA-DQA1*05 risk variant for infliximab (HR for carriage of risk variant: infliximab 1·46 [1·13–1·88]) but not for adalimumab (HR 1·60 [0·92–2·77]). Concomitant use of an immunomodulator before or on the day of starting infliximab was associated with increased time without the development of anti-drug antibodies associated with undetectable drug concentrations compared with use of infliximab alone (HR 2·87 [95% CI 2·20–3·74]) or introduction of an immunomodulator after anti-TNF initiation (1·70 [1·11–2·59]). In years 2 and 3, 16 (4%) of 389 patients treated with infliximab and 11 (5%) of 209 treated with adalimumab had adverse events leading to treatment withdrawal. Nine (2%) patients treated with infliximab and two (1%) of those treated with adalimumab had serious infections in years 2 and 3. Interpretation Only around a third of patients with active luminal Crohn’s disease treated with an anti-TNF drug were in remission at the end of 3 years of treatment. Low drug concentrations at the end of the induction period predict loss of response by year 3 of treatment, suggesting higher drug concentrations during the first year of treatment, particularly during induction, might lead to better long-term outcomes. Anti-drug antibodies associated with undetectable drug concentrations of infliximab, but not adalimumab, can be predicted by carriage of HLA-DQA1*05 and mitigated by concomitant immunomodulator use for both drugs.Guts UKCrohn’s and Colitis UKCure Crohn’s ColitisAbbVieMerck Sharp and DohmeNapp PharmaceuticalsPfizerCelltrion Healthcar

LONG-TERM PERCEIVED DISABILITY FOLLOWING A HAMSTRING INJURY

Jessica Mutchler, Savannah L. McLain, Samuel J. Wilson, Megan Byrd, Benjamin Paquette, Diego Castro-Diaz, Barry A. Munkasy. Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA. BACKGROUND: Injuries to the hamstrings complex are one of the most common lower extremity injuries in athletic populations. It is currently unknown how psychological or sociological factors affect an athlete after the recovery process has ended and they’re returned to activity. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore long-term perceived disability in physically active adults following a hamstring injury. METHODS: Twenty-six physically active adults with (n=13) and without (n=13) a previous hamstring injury (age 21±1.68 y) completed a Qualtrics survey that included demographic questions for participant matching, the Oslo Sport Trauma’s Hamstring Outcome Score (HaOS), the Injury Psychological Readiness to Return to Sport (I-PRRS), and the Athletic Fear Avoidance Questionnaire (AFAQ). Multiple one-way ANOVAs compared the HaOS subscales and total score, I-PRRS scores, and AFAQ scores between previously injured hamstring individuals and their healthy, matched control after splitting the SPSS data file between competitive (HS_Comp and Con_Comp) and non-competitive athletes (HS_Non-Comp and Con_Non-Comp). RESULTS: There was a significant difference between HS_Non-Comp and Con_Non-Comp groups when comparing Pain subscale (80.71 + 8.5 vs. 98.57+1.96; p \u3c .001; d = 2.89), Function subscale (87.86+11.85, 99.28+1.89; p = 0.027; d = 1.34), and Total HaOS score (81.9+7.22 vs. 92.85+2.21; p = .002; d = 2.05). There were also significant differences in AFAQ scores between HS_Non-Comp and Con_Non-Comp groups (23+11.14 vs. 11.4+3.13; p = 0.05; d = 1.41), but not between the HS_Comp and Con_Comp groups (18.5+12.96 vs. 10.13+0.35; p = 0.09; d = 0.91). CONCLUSION: Non-competitive athletes with a previous hamstring injury reported a greater degree of perceived disability due to pain and function compared to non-competitive athletes with no history of hamstring injury. The results also suggest that fear of re-injury may exist after returning to activity, but confidence in performance may not change after returning to play. Future research should focus on the injury related fear avoidance and why non-competitive athletes had long-term reports of disability whereas competitive athletes did not. Access and utilization of medical professionals by non-competitive and competitive physically active populations following hamstring injury should be explored

Risco de tração excessiva nas lesões tipo distração-flexão da coluna cervical baixa Risk of excessive traction on distraction-flexion-type injuries of the low cervical spine

O estudo em questão visa avaliar a relação entre risco e benefício do uso de tração com halo craniano como alternativa para estabilização nas fraturas-luxações por mecanismo de distração-flexão tipo IV de Allen e Ferguson, considerando a natureza da lesão, seu extenso dano ligamentar e o risco de apresentar distração excessiva e conseqüente lesão da medula espinhal. Para tanto, realizamos uma análise retrospectiva no IOT-HC-FMUSP envolvendo um período de 10 anos, quando 34 casos foram diagnosticados como fratura-luxação por distração-flexão da coluna cervical baixa, sendo 12 deles do tipo IV. Todos foram submetidos à tração esquelética com halo craniano num momento inicial. Durante o controle radiográfico seqüencial, observou-se distração excessiva em sete casos, mesmo com baixo peso inicial (4 kg). Em dois pacientes houve surgimento de nistagmo. Em todos os casos a tração foi retirada e seguiu-se normalização do quadro clínico.<br>This study aims to evaluate the risk/ benefit ratio in the use of traction with cranial halo as an alternative to stabilize fractures-dislocations by Allen & Ferguson's type IV- distraction-flexion mechanism, considering the nature of the injury, its extensive ligament damage and the risk of presenting excessive distraction and resultant spinal cord injury. Thus, we performed a retrospective analysis at IOT-HC-FMUSP comprising a period of 10 years, when 34 cases were diagnosed as fractures-dislocations due to distraction-flexion of the low cervical spine, of which 12 were IV-type. All individuals have been submitted to skeletal traction with cranial halo at an early phase. During sequential X-ray management, an excessive distraction was seen in seven cases, even with initial light weight (4 kg). In two patients, the onset of nistagmus was seen. In all cases, traction was removed, which was followed by stabilization of the clinical picture