Atividade antiviral de extratos de plantas medicinais disponíveis comercialmente frente aos herpesvírus suíno e bovino Antiviral activity of commercially available medicinal plants on suid and bovine herpesviruses

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo pesquisar a atividade antiviral in vitro de plantas medicinais disponíveis comercialmente sobre herpesvírus suíno (SuHV-1) e bovino (BoHV-1). As espécies adquiridas foram Mikania glomerata, Cymbopogon citratus, Equisetum arvense, Peumus boldus, Solanum paniculatum, Malva sylvestris, Piper umbellatun e Solidago microglossa. A citotoxicidade dos extratos foi avaliada na linhagem celular MDBK pelas alterações morfológicas das células e obtenção da concentração máxima não citotóxica (CMNC) de cada planta. A atividade antiviral foi realizada com os extratos em suas respectivas CMNC e avaliada com base na redução do título viral e expressos em porcentagem de inibição. Os extratos aquosos de Peumus boldus e Solanum paniculatum apresentaram atividade antiviral sobre o SuHV-1 com 98% de inibição viral enquanto o de Peumus boldus inibiu apenas o BoHV-1 em 99%.This paper aims to find commercially available medicinal plants showing antiviral activity in vitro on suid and bovine herpesviruses. The following species were tested: Mikania glomerata, Cymbopogon citratus, Equisetum arvense, Peumus boldus, Solanum paniculatum, Malva sylvestris, Piper umbellatun and Solidago microglossa. The cytotoxicity was evaluated by morphological changes in cells determining the maximum not cytotoxic concentration (MNCC). The antiviral activity was evaluated by viral title reduction. The extracts from Peumus boldus and Solanum paniculatum showed antiviral activity against SuHV-1 with 98% of inhibition. The extract of Peumus boldus also showed activity against BoHV-1 with 99% of inhibition

Susceptibility Of Cell Lines To Avian Viruses

The susceptibility of the five cell lines - IB-RS-2, RK-13, Vero, BHK-21, CER - to reovirus S1133 and infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV vaccine GBV-8 strain) was studied to better define satisfactory and sensitive cell culture systems. Cultures were compared for presence of CPE, virus titers and detection of viral RNA. CPE and viral RNA were detected in CER and BHK-21 cells after reovirus inoculation and in RK-13 cell line after IBDV inoculation and with high virus titers. Virus replication by production of low virus titers occurred in IB-RS-2 and Vero cells with reovirus and in BHK-21 cell line with IBDV.304373376Barta, V., Springer, W.T., Millar, D.L., A comparison of avian and mammalian cell cultures for the propagation of avian reovirus WVU 2937 (1984) Avian Dis., 28, pp. 216-223Cowen, B.S., Braune, M.O., The propagation of avian viruses in a continuous cell line (QT35) of Japanese quail origin (1988) Avian Dis., 32, pp. 282-297Fernandes, M.J.B., Simoni, I.C., Caracterização de linhagens celulares: II- Suscetibilidade aos virus da doença de Aujeszky e da Febre aftosa (1995) Arq. Inst. Biol., 62, pp. 65-72Giambrone, J.J., Microculture neutralization test for serodiagnosis of three avian viral infections (1980) Avian Dis., 24, pp. 2284-2287Guneratne, J.R.M., Jones, R.C., Georgiou, K., Some observations on the isolation and cultivation of avian reoviruses (1982) Avian Pathol., 11, pp. 453-462Herrings, A.J., Inglis, N.F., Ojeh, C.K., Snodgrass, D.R., Menzies, J.D., Rapid diagnosis of rotavirus infection by direct detection of viral nucleic acid in silver-stained polyacrylamide gels (1982) J. Clin. Microbiol., 16, pp. 473-477Kibenge, F.S.B., Dhillon, A.S., Russell, R.G., Growth of serotypes I and II and variant strains of infectious bursal disease virus in Vero cells (1988) Avian Dis., 32, pp. 298-303Kibenge, F.S.B., Mckenna, P.K., Isolation and propagation of infectious bursal disease virus using the ovine kidney continuous cell line (1992) Avian Dis., 36, pp. 256-261Jackwood, D.H., Saif, Y.M., Hughes, J.H., Replication of infectious bursal disease virus in continuous cell lines (1987) Avian Dis., 31, pp. 370-375Jones, R.C., Different sensitivity of Vero cells from two sources to avian reoviruses (1990) Res. Vet. Science, 48, pp. 379-380Laemmli, U.K., Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4 (1970) Nature, 227, pp. 680-685Lukert, P.D., Leonard, J., Davis, R.B., Infectious bursal disease virus: Antigen production and immunity (1975) Am. J. Vet. Res., 36, pp. 539-540Lukert, P.D., Saif, Y.M., Infectious bursal disease (1991) Disease of Poultry, 9th Ed., pp. 648-663. , B.W. Calnek, H.J. Barnes, C.W. Beard, W.M. Reid and H.W. Yoder, Jr. eds. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IowaPereira, H.G., Azeredo, R.S., Leite, J.P.G., Electrophoretic study of the genome of human rotaviruses from Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Pará, Brazil (1983) J. Hyg. Camb., 90, pp. 117-125Petek, M., D'Aprile, P.N., Cancellotti, F., Biological and phisico-chemical properties of the infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) (1973) Avian Pathol., 2, pp. 135-152Reed, L.J., Mucnch, H.A., A simple method of estimating fifty percent endpoints (1938) Am. J. Hyg., 27, pp. 493-497Robertson, M.D., Wilcox, G.E., Avian reovirus (1986) Vet. Bull., 56, pp. 155-174Rosenberg, J.K., Olson, N.O., Reovirus Infections (1991) Disease of Poultry, pp. 639-647. , Calnck, H.J.Barnes, C.W.Beard, W.M.Yoder, H.W., 9th edit. Iowa State Univ. Press, AmesWilcox, G.E., Robertson, M.D., Lines, A.D., Adaptation and characteristics of replication of a strain reovirus in Vero cells (1985) Avian Pathol., 14, pp. 321-32

In Vitro Antiviral Activity Of Seeds From Guettarda Angelica Against Avian Viruses

The aim of this study was to evaluate the inhibition of the aqueous extract of seeds (AEs) from Guettarda angelica on cell infection by two avian RNA viruses: avian reovirus (ARV) and metapneumovirus (AMPV). The cytotoxic and antiviral activities were evaluated by MTT assay to determine the 50% cytotoxic (CC50) and inhibitory concentrations (IC50). The selectivity index (SI=CC50/IC50) also carried out. AEs exhibited antiviral activity only against ARV presenting IC50 of 23.59g/mL. This inhibition was not due to any cytotoxic effect of AEs since the CC50 on Vero cells was of 400.60g/μL and its SI was of 17.00; this extract also showed a virucidal effect on ARV. Previous studies also demonstrated antiviral activity of AEs extract against three animal herpesviruses. Thus, the seeds from G. angelica showing antiviral activity against DNA and RNA viruses, enveloped and non-enveloped, could be promising source of new antiviral agents encouraging its fractionation to isolate the active compound.373133Agra, M.F., Silva, K.N., Basílio, I.J.L.D., Freitas, P.F.F., Barbosa-Filho, J.M., Survey of medicinal plants used in the region Northeast of Brazil (2008) Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia., 18 (3), pp. 472-508Barros, A.V., Conceição, A.O., Simoni, I.C., Arns, C.W., Fernandes, M.J.B., Mechanisms of antiviral action of seeds from Guettarda angelica Mart (2010) against bovine and swine herpesviruses in vitro. Virus Reviews & Research., 15 (2), pp. 78-91Barros, A.V., Araújo, L.M., Oliveira, F.F., Conceição, A.O., Simoni, I.C., Fernandes, M.J.B., Arns, C.W., In Vitro evaluation of the antiviral potential of Guettarda angelica against animal herpesviruses (2012) Acta Scientiae Veterinariae., 40 (4), p. 1068Bispo, N.J., Francisco, N.M.C., Schmitt, A.C., Atividade antimicrobiana in vitro do extrato metanólico da planta Guettarda angelica sobre bactérias gram-positivas e gram-negativas (2007) Laes and Haes., 4, pp. 164 - 169Chattopadhyay, D., Naik, T.N., Antivirals of ethonomedicinal origin: structure-activity relationship and scope (2007) Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry., 7, pp. 275-301Cos, P., Vlietinck, A.J., Vanden Berghe, D., Maesa, L., Antiinfective potential of natural products: How to develop a stronger in vitro 'proof-of-concept' (2006) Journal of Ethnopharmacology., 106, pp. 290-302Dezegrini, R., Silva, S.C., Weiss, M., Kreutz, L.C., Weibin, F., Flores, E.F., Atividade de três drogas antivirais sobre os herpesvírus bovino tipo 1, 2 e 5 em cultivo celular (2010) Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira., 30 (10), pp. 855-860Gough, R.E., Jones, R.C., Avian metapneumovirus (2008), pp. 100-110. , In Y.M. Saif (12th Ed.) Diseases of Poultry. BlackwellJassim, S.A.A., Naji, M.A., Novel antiviral agents: a medicinal plant perspective (2003) J Applied Microbiology., 95, pp. 412-427Lupini, C., Cecchinato, M., Scagliarini, A., Graziani, R., Catelli, E., In vitro antiviral activity of chestnut and quebracho woods extracts against avian reovirus and metapneumovirus (2009) Research in Veterinary Science., 87, pp. 482-487Newman, D.J., Cragg, G.M., Snader, K.M., Natural products as sources of new drugs over the period 1981-2002 (2003) Journal of Natural Products., 66, pp. 1022-1037Rates, S.M.K., Plants as source of drugs (2001) Toxicon., 39, pp. 603- 613Roner, M.R., Sprayberry, J., Spinks, M., Dhanji, S., Antiviral activity obtained from aqueous extracts of the Chilean soapbark tree (Quillaja saponaria Molina) (2007) Journal of General Virology., 88, pp. 275- 285Rosenberg, J.K., Reovirus Infections (2003), pp. 283-298. , In: H.J. Calnek, C.W. Barnes, W.M. Beard, H.W. Yoder (11th Ed.) Disease of Poultry. Iowa State Univ. Press, AmesSimoni, I.C., Manha, A.P.S., Sciessere, L., Hoe, V.M.H., Takinami, V.H., Fernandes, M.J.B., Evaluation of the antiviral activity of Brazilian cerrado plants against animal viruses (2007) Virus Reviews & Research., 12 (1-2), pp. 25-31Tsuchiya, Y., Shimizu, M., Hiyama, Y., Itoh, K., Hashimoto, Y., Nakayama, M., Horie, T., Morita, N., Antiviral activity of natural occurring flavonoids in vitro (1985) Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin., 33 (9), pp. 3881-388

Optical Holographic Grating Formation in Dye- and Fullerene-Doped Liquid Crystalline System

The nonlinear optical properties of nematic liquid crystal films doped with dyes of fullerene C60 are studied. Nematic liquid crystals were doped with azo-dyes, and tested for their optical storage capabilities. An electro-optical holographic storage grating effect is observed in C60-doped nematic liquid crystal films. The effect is attributed to molecular axis reorientation caused by the combination of an applied DC field and an optically induced DC space charge. The observed nonlinear sensitivity of the films is larger than that of other materials studied

In Vitro Evaluation Of The Antiviral Potential Of Guettarda Angelica Against Animal Herpesviruses [avaliação In Vitro Do Potencial Antiviral De Guettarda Angelica Contra Herpesvírus Animais]

Background: The number of antiviral studies using plant extracts has increased in the last decades, and the results have shown that plants are potential sources of compounds that are able to inhibit and/or decrease viral infections. The selection of these plants by ethnopharmacological criteria increases the probability of finding new substances with significant pharmacological and biological activities. Hence, Brazil has an advantage in this area due to its extensive biodiversity and ethnological diversity. Guettarda angelica is a plant from the Brazilian Caatinga region the roots of which are popularly used for various therapeutic purposes, including veterinary use. The aim of this work was to investigate the in vitro antiviral activity of extracts of plant parts from G. angelica against three animal herpesviruses: bovine (BoHV-1), suid (SuHV-1) and equine (EHV-1) herpesviruses type 1. Materials, Methods & Results: The extracts of roots, leaves and seeds of G. angelica were initially screened for in vitro antiviral activity against these herpesviruses using the virus yield reduction assay. The MDBK cells were used in assays with BoHV-1 and SuHV-1, and the Vero cells with EHV-1. For these assays, the cells previously treated with the extracts in non-cytotoxic concentrations were inoculated with logarithmic dilutions of each virus. The viral inhibitory activity of extracts was calculated by difference of virus titer between treated infected cells and non-treated infected cells. Only the aqueous extract from seeds (AEs) showed a significant antiviral activity (P < 0.01, ANOVA followed by Tukey test) against all herpesviruses leading continuous studies. Thus, the selectivity index (SI) of this extract was determined by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] colorimetric assay by calculating the ratio CC50 over IC50. The 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) was defined as the extract concentration that reduced the cell viability by 50% when compared to untreated controls; the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) was defined as the concentration of the extract that inhibited 50% of viral replication when compared to the virus control. The CC50 and IC50 were obtained from nonlinear regression analysis of concentration-effect curves by the GraphPad Prism 5 Demo program and represented the means ± standard deviation of three independent experiments. The CC50 for Vero cells was 400.60 ± 0.20 μg/mL, while the CC50 for MDBK cells was 920.50 ± 0.19 μg/mL. The IC50 values of the AEs on the BoHV-1, SuHV-1 and EHV-1 were 22.79 μg/mL, 91.30 μg/mL and 19.95 μg/mL, respectively. The SI values of this extract for each virus obtained from these data were 40.39, 10.08 and 20.08 for BoHV-1, SuHV-1, and EHV-1, respectively. Discussion: To ensure the antiviral activity of a plant extract and consequently its future use as antiviral agent is crucial the obtainment of its selectivity index or safety index. It is guarantee of a true antiviral effect and not the result of cytotoxicity of the extract on cells, and that could be confused with an antiviral activity. Other important point are the extract IC50 values less than 100 μg/mL. The results of the AEs of G. angelica are in accordance with these considerations indicating that the G. angelica seeds may be a potential source of antiviral compounds insurance and encouraging further investigation of them.404Agra, M.F., Silva, K.N., Basílio, I.J.L.D., Freitas, P.F.F., Barbosa-Filho, J.M., Survey of medicinal plants used in the region Northeast of Brazil (2008) Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 18 (3), pp. 472-508Aquino, R., De Simone, F., Pizza, C., Cobti, C., Stein, M.L., Plant metabolites. Structure and in vitro antiviral activity of quinovic acid glycosides from Uncaria tomentosa and Guettarda platypoda (1989) Journal of Natural Products, 52 (4), pp. 679-685Barros, A.V., Conceição, A.O., Simoni, I.C., Arns, C.W., Fernandes, M.J.B., Mechanisms of antiviral action of seeds from Guettarda angelica Mart. against bovine and swine herpesviruses in vitro (2010) Virus Review & Research, 15 (2), pp. 47-52Betancour-Galvis, L.A., Morales, G.E., Forero, J.E., Roldan, J., Cytotoxic and antiviral activities of Colombian medicinal plant extracts of the Euphorbia genus (2002) Memórias Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 97 (4), pp. 541-546Bispo, N.J., Francisco, N.M.C., Schmitt, A.C., Atividade antimicrobiana in vitro do extrato metanólico da planta Guettarda angelica sobre bactérias gram-positivas e gram-negativas (2007) Laes and Haes, 4, pp. 164-169Brandão, G.C., Kroon, E.G., Dos Santos, J.R., Stehmann, J.R., Lombardi, J.A., De Oliveira, A.B., Antiviral activities of plants occurring in the state of Minas Gerais Brazil. 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Veterinary Microbiology., 122, pp. 43-51Gonçalves, J.L., Lopes, R.C., Oliveira, D.B., Costa, S.S., Miranda, M.M., Romanos, M.T., Santos, N.S., Wigg, M.D., In vitro anti-rotavirus activity of some medicinal plants used in Brazil against diarrhea (2005) Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 99 (3), pp. 403-407Hsuan, S.L., Chang, S.C., Wang, S.Y., Liao, T.L., Jong, T.T., Chien, M.S., Lee, W.C., Liao, J.W., The cytotoxicity to leukemia cells and antiviral effects of Isatis indigotica extracts on pseudorabies virus (2009) Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 123, pp. 61-67Ikuno, A.A., Braggio, M.M., Haraguchi, M., Antiherpes activities of fractions from Sesbania virgata leaves (2003) Arquivo do Instituto Biológico, 70 (2), pp. 183-185Jassim, S.A.A., Naji, M.A., Novel antiviral agents: a medicinal plant perspective (2003) Journal of Applied Microbiology, 95 (3), pp. 412-427Lombardo, M., Ikuno, A.A., Ferreira, V.C.A., Kiyota, S., Cytotoxicity and antiviral activities of protein or peptide toxins present in the purification products of active protein fraction from Senna occidentalis seeds extracts (2004) Arquivo do Instituto Biológico. 71, (SUPPL.), pp. 466-469Martim, K.W., Ernest, E., Antiviral agents from plants and herbs: a systematic review (2003) Antiviral Therapy, 8 (2), pp. 77-90Melo, F.L., Benati, F.J., Roman Jr, W.A.R., Mello, J.C.P., Nozawa, C., Linhares, R.E.C., The antiviral activity of an aliphatic nitro compound from Heteropteris aphrodisiaca (2008) Microbiological Research, 163, pp. 136-139Murphy, F.A., Gibbs, E.P.J., Horzinek, M.C., Studdert, M.J., (1999) Herpesviridae, pp. 301-325. , Veterinary virology. 3rd edn. 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Dye-doped Photorefractive Liquid Crystals for Dynamic and Storage Holographic Grating Formation and Spatial Light Modulation

The basic mechanisms of photo-induced space charge field formation, director axis re-orientation, and refractive index changes in fullerene C60- and dye-doped nematic liquid crystals films are presented. In particular, in aligned methyl-red-doped nematic liquid crystal film, we observe a nonlinear index change coefficient as high as 10 cm2/W, associated with purely optically induced liquid crystal director axis re-orientation. Experimental observations of dynamic and high-resolution storage holographic grating formation, two beam coupling with gain of nearly 3000 cm-1, optical limiting action at nanowatt cw laser power, and incoherent-coherent image conversion at μW/cm2 light intensity level are discussed