The Paraty Artisanal Fishery (southeastern Brazilian Coast): Ethnoecology And Management Of A Social-ecological System (ses)

This study intends to give recommendations to the management of Paraty fishery in Brazil through an interplay of local and scientific knowledge. In particular, the objectives are the following: 1) to describe the Paraty fishery; 2) to compare the fishermen's local ecological knowledge with recorded fish landings and previous studies in Paraty; 3) to combine the data on local fishing and on local/Caiçara livelihoods with the SES (social-ecological systems) Model. The methods include a systematic survey of fishing in Tarituba and Praia Grande, which are located in the northern end and the central part of the Paraty municipality, respectively. For four days each month, systematic data on catches at landing points were collected, as well as macroscopic gonad analysis data for the fishes Centropomus parallelus and C. undecimalis (snook, robalo), Epinephelus marginatus (grouper, garoupa), Scomberomorus cavalla (King mackerel, cavala), and Lutjanus synagris (Lane snapper, vermelho). Spring and summer are important seasons during which some species reproduce, and the integration of fishing periods for some target species could assist in fishing management through the use of closed seasons. Fishermen could obtain complementary earnings from tourism and from the " defeso system" (closed season including a salary payment) to conserve fishing stocks. The SES model facilitates an understanding of the historical context of fishing, its economic importance for local livelihoods, the constraints from conservation measures that affect fishermen, and the management processes that already exist, such as the defeso. If used to integrate fishing with complementary activities (tourism), such a system could improve the responsibility of fishermen regarding the conservation of fish stocks. © 2012 Begossi et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.8Acheson, J., The lobster fiefs: economic and ecological effects of territoriality in the Maine lobster industry (1975) Hum Ecol, 3, pp. 183-187Acheson, J., (2003) Capturing the commons, , New England: University Press of New EnglandMcCay, B.J., Acheson, J.M., (1987) The Question of the Commons: The Culture and Ecology ofCommunal Resources, , Tucson: University of Arizona PressJohannes, R.E., (1981) Words of the lagoon Berkeley, , University of California PressJohannes, R.E., The Renaissance of community-based marine resourcemanagementin Oceania (2002) Annu Rev Ecol Syst, 33, pp. 317-340Huntington, H.P., The local perspective (2011) Nature, 478, p. 183Berkes, F., Fishermen and the " Tragedy of the Commons" (1985) Environ Conserv, 12, pp. 199-206Berkes, F., (1989) Common property-resources, , London: Belhaven PressBerkes, F., (2008) Sacred Ecology, Sacred Ecology, , New York and London: Routledge, 2Berkes, F., Shifting perspectives on resource management: Resilience and the Reconceptualization of 'Natural Resources' and 'Management (2010) MAST, 9 (1), pp. 13-40Ostrom, E., (1990) Governing the commons, , Princeton U: PressOstrom, E., (2005) Understanding Institutional Diversity, , Princeton University PressGelcich, S., Hughes, T.P., Olsson, P., FolkeC, D.M., Fernandez, M., Foale, S., Gunderson, L.H., Castilla, J.S., Navigating transformations in governance of Chilean marine coastal resources (2011) PNAS, 107 (39), pp. 16794-16799La Pesca continental enAmaerica Latina: sucontribución económica y social e instrumentos normativos asociados, Documento Ocasional 11. Roma2008 (2008) La pesca continental en América Latina: su contribución económica y social e instrumentos normativos asociados. COPESCAL Documento Ocasional. No. 11. Roma, FAO., , ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/011/i0160s/i0160s00.pdf, Valbo-Jørgensen J, Soto D, Gumy A, 28p. available at: Copescal/FAOOliveira, L.E.C., Begossi, A., Last Trip Return Rate Influence Patch Choice decisions of small-scale shrimp Trawlers: Optimal foraging in São Francisco, Coastal Brazil (2011) Hum Ecol, 39, pp. 323-332Lopes, P.F., Begossi, A., Decision-making processes by small-scale fishermen on the southeast coast of Brazil (2011) Fish Manag EcolEngels, F., (1987) 1883 (1976). A Dialética da Natureza, , London: Western Philosophy.Penguin Books, Terra Paz e, Janeiro Rio, Hamlyn DWSilvano, R.A.M., Valbo-Jorgensen, J., Beyond fishermeńs tales: contributions of fisherś local ecological knowledge to fish ecology and fisheries management (2008) Environ Dev Sustain, 10, pp. 657-675Ruddle, K., Systems of knowledge: dialogue, relationships and process (2000) Environ Dev Sustain, 3-4, pp. 277-304Ruddle, K., Davis, A., What is " Ecological" in Local Ecological Knowledge?Lessons from Canada and Vietnam (2011) Soc Nat Resour, 0, pp. 1-15Begossi, A., Local knowledge and training towards managementEnvironment, Development, and Sustainability (2008), 10, pp. 591-603Begossi, A., Clauzet, M., Figueiredo, J.L., Garuana, L., Lima, R.V., Lopes, P.F.M., Ramires, M., Silvano, R.A.M., Are Biological Species and Higher-Ranking Categories Real? Fish Folk Taxonomy on Brazil's Atlantic Forest Coast and in the Amazon (2008) Curr Anthropol, 49, pp. 291-306Begossi, A., Temporal stability in fishing spots: conservation and comanagement in Brazilian artisanal coastal fisheries (2006) Ecol Soc, 11 (1), p. 5. , http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss1Begossi, A., Salivonchyk, S.V., Araujo, L.C., Andreoli, T.B., Clauzet, M., Martinelli, C.M., Ferreira, A.G.L., Silvano, R.A.M., Ethnobiology of snappers (Lutjanidae): targetspecies and suggestions for management (2011) J Ethnobiol Ethnomed, 7, p. 11. , http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/7/1/11, 10.1186/1746-4269-7-11, 3068939, 21410969Begossi, A., May, P.H., Lopes, P.F.M., Oliveira, L.E.C., Vinha, V., Silvano, R.A.M., Compensation for environmental services from artisanal fisheries in SE Brazil: Policy and technical strategies (2011) Ecol Econ, 71, pp. 25-32Silvano, R.A.M., Mac Cord, P.F.M., Lima, R.V., Begossi, A., When does this fish spawn? Fishermen's local knowledge of migration and reproduction of Brazilian coastal fishes (2006) Environ Biol Fishes, 76, pp. 371-386Silvano, R.A.M., Silva, A.L., Ceroni, M., Begossi, A., Contributions of ethnobiology to the conservation of tropical rivers and streams. Aquatic Conserv (2008) Mar Freshw Ecosyst, 18, pp. 241-260Lopes, P.F.M., Silvano, R.A.M., Begossi, A., Extractive and Sustainable Development Reserves in Brazil: resilient alternatives to fisheries (2011) J Environ Plan ManagDiegues, A.C., (2004) Enciclopédia Caiçara, , São Paulo: Hucitec, IthDiegues, A.C., (2005) Enciclopédia Caiçara, , São Paulo: Hucitec, IIIthDiegues, A.C., (2005) Enciclopédia Caiçara, , São Paulo: Hucitec, IVthAcheson, J.M., Anthropology of fishing (1981) Annu Rev Anthropol, , http://cmbc.ucsd.edu/Students/Current_Students/ECON281/Acheson-1981.pdf, Available at:Mangel, M., Clark, C.W., Uncertainty, search and information in fisheries (1983) Journal of the International Council for the Exploration of the Seas, 43, pp. 93-103. , http://people.ucsc.edu/~msmangel/ICES.pdf, Available at:Ostrom, E., A diagnostic approach for going beyond panaceas (2007) PNAS, 39, pp. 15181-15187Begossi, A., Lopes, P.F.M., Oliveira, L.E.C., Nakano, H., (2010) Ecologia de pescadores da baia de Ilha Grande, , São Carlos: RimaBegossi, A., O cerco flutuante e os caiçaras do litoral norte de São Paulo, com ênfase à pesca de Trindade, RJ (2011) Interciencia, 36, pp. 803-807Begossi, A., Silvano, R.A.M., Ecology and ethnoecology of dusky grouper [garoupa, Epinephelus marginatus(Lowe, 1834)] along the coast of Brazil (2008) J Ethnobiol Ethnomed, 4, p. 20. , http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/4/1/20, 10.1186/1746-4269-4-20, 2567293, 18793394Silvano, R.A.M., Begossi, A., What can be learned from fishers? An integrated surveyof fishers' local ecological knowledge and bluefish(Pomatomussaltatrix) biology on the Brazilian coast (2010) Hydrobiologia, 637, pp. 3-18Figueiredo, J.L., (1977) Manual de peixes marinhos do sudeste do Brasil: introdução, , MZUSP: São PauloFigueiredo, J.L., Menezes, N.A., (1978) Manual de peixes marinhos do sudeste do Brasil, II, , MZUSP: São PauloFigueiredo, J.L., Menezes, N.A., (1980) Manual de peixes marinhos do sudeste do Brasil, III, , MZUSP: São PauloFigueiredo, J.L., Menezes, N.A., (2000) Manual de peixes marinhos do sudeste do Brasil, VI, , MZUSP: São PauloMarcenivk, A.P., (2005) Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 31 (2), pp. 89-101Menezes, N.A., Figueiredo, J.L., (1980) Manual de peixes marinhos do sudeste do Brasil, IV (3), , São Paulo: MZUSPMenezes, N.A., Figueiredo, J.L., (1985) Manual de peixes marinhos do sudeste do Brasil, V (4), , São Paulo: MZUSPValbo-Jørgensen, J., Poulsen, A.F., Using local knowledge as a research tool in the study of riverfish biology: Experiences from the Mekong (2000) Environ Dev Sustain, 2, pp. 253-276Froese, R., Pauly, D., FishBase (2011) World Wide Web electronic publication, , www.fishbase.org, version (08/2011)Marino, G., Azzurro, E., Finoia, M.G., Messina, M.T., Massari, A., Mandich, A., Reproduction in the dusky grouper from southern Mediterranean (2001) J Fish Biol, 58, pp. 909-927Law, R., Fishing, selection, and phenotypic evolution (2000) ICES J Mar Sci, 57, pp. 659-668Bittencourt, V.F.N., Protecao a pesca do robalo (Centropomus parallelus) na foz do Rio Mambucaba, Angra dos Reis, RJ. Revista Educacaoo Ambiental BE597, UNICAMP (2009), 2. , http://www2.ib.unicamp.br/profs/eco_aplicada/revistas/be597_vol2_6.pdf, Onlinehttp://www.anp.gov.br/brasil-rounds/round7/round7/guias_r7/sismica_r7/defeso.pdfhttp://www.mpa.gov.br/mpa/seap/Jonathan/mpa3/pesca/docs/Defeso-MARINHO-SEPOP-18-out-2011.pdfBegossi, A., The fishers and buyers from Buzios Island: kin ties and mode of production (1996) Ciencia e Cultura, 48, pp. 142-147Begossi, A., The ethnoecology of Caiçarametapopulations (Atlantic Forest, Brazil): ecological concepts and questions (2006) J Ethnobiol Ethnomed, 2, p. 40. , http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/2/1/40, 10.1186/1746-4269-2-40, 1592541, 17010204Camargo, E., Begossi, A., (2006) Os diários de campo d Ilha dos Búzios, , São Paulo: Hucitec, 3461001, 23028600Smith, E.A., WishieM, M., Conservation and subsistence in small-scale societies (2000) Annu Rev Anthropol, 29, pp. 493-524Davis, A., Ruddle, K., 2011 Constructing confidence: rational skepticism and systematic enquiryin local ecological knowledge research (2010) Ecol Appl, 20 (3), pp. 880-894. , 10.1890/09-0422.1, 2043797

Are biological species and higher-ranking categories real? Fish folk taxonomy on Brazil’s Atlantic Forest coast and in the Amazon

Analysis of Brazilian fishers' classifications of 24 marine (Atlantic coast) and 24 freshwater (Amazon) fish species reveals that fishers from the Atlantic coast identify fish mainly through generic names (primary lexemes), while riverine Amazonian fishers typically identify them through binomials. The similarity of Amazonian fish species seems to contribute to the detailed folk taxonomy used by riverine fishers. High-ranking groups called "relatives" or "cousins" are sorted by fishers in terms of similarities of habitat, diet, and morphology and, secondarily, behavior. The general correspondence between the folk and scientific taxonomies reinforces the reality of both the supracategories used by these fishers and the biological groups as discontinuities in nature. Given the urgency of biological inventories and the lack of knowledge of high-biodiversity environments such as the Atlantic Forest and the Amazon, these results suggest that fisher knowledge and experience could contribute to scientific research.49229130

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time, and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space. While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes, vast areas of the tropics remain understudied. In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity, but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases. To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge, it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

From Ethnobiology To Ecotoxicology: Fishers’ Knowledge On Trophic Levels As Indicator Of Bioaccumulation In Tropical Marine And Freshwater Fishes

Information on fish trophic levels is important to assess fishing impacts and to better understand the bioaccumulation of pollutants within aquatic food chains. The local ecological knowledge held by small-scale fishers can fill knowledge gaps in fish trophic ecology. We estimated the trophic levels of 69 tropical and subtropical fish species (33 coastal and 36 freshwater species) using data on fish diets from the literature and obtained from interviews with Brazilian fishers. The fish trophic levels estimated from fishers’ knowledge were positively correlated with the trophic levels estimated using data from biological studies for both coastal and freshwater fish. The fishers’ knowledge also indicated bioaccumulation patterns, as the fish trophic levels estimated from fishers’ knowledge were positively related to the mercury (Hg) content in fish muscle (wet weight, from literature data) in 41 fish species (15 coastal and 26 freshwater). These findings reveal the potential for new applications of fishers’ knowledge to ecotoxicology, which could improve management of aquatic ecosystems and strengthen fishers’ political status. © 2016, Springer Science+Business Media New York.1971310132

Local Knowledge On A Cosmopolitan Fish: Ethnoecology Of Pomatomus Saltatrix (pomatomidae) In Brazil And Australia

This study describes and analyses the local knowledge held by Brazilian and Australian fishers about the ecology (feeding habits, habitats, migratory movements), and the reproduction of Pomatomus saltatrix (Pomatomidae), which is an important fish species to artisanal fishers from both countries. It aims to address differences and similarities between information provided by the two groups of fishers, comparing such information with published biological data about this fish species. Data were obtained interviewing fishers using standardized questionnaires. The surveyed coastal fishers were the caiçaras from Búzios Island, at the southeastern Brazilian coast (Atlantic Ocean) and the aborigines (indigenous Australians) from North Stradbroke Island, in the Moreton Bay, eastern Australian coast (Pacific Ocean). We interviewed, respectively, 39 and 18 fishers in Búzios and in North Stradbroke Island. The information provided by the fishers included differences between them with respect to habitat preferences and time of reproduction of P. saltatrix. Such differences may be due to environmental differences between the two sites, as well as to inter-population variations in reproductive peaks of this fish species. However, both groups of fishers mentioned similar feeding habitats and migratory movements of P. saltatrix, suggesting general patterns. Local ecological knowledge held by both groups agrees with available scientific literature about this fish species, providing hypotheses to be investigated through biological research. The present survey highlights some contributions that Brazilian and Australian fishers' local knowledge may give to local management of P. saltatrix, such as to improve scientific knowledge and to promote cooperation and dialogue between fishers and scientists. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.7114359Aswani, S., Hamilton, R., Integrating indigenous ecological knowledge and customary sea tenure with marine and social science for conservation of bumphead parrotfish (Bolpometodon muricatum) in the Roviana Lagoon, Solomon Islands (2004) Environ. Conserv., 31, pp. 69-83Attenbrow, V., Steele, D., Fishing in Port Jackson, New South Wales - More than met the eye (1995) Antiquity, 69, pp. 47-60Bailey, K.D., (1982) Methods of Social Research, , The Free Press, Macmillan Publishers New YorkBegossi, A., (1989) Food Diversity and Choice, and Technology in a Brazilian Fishing Community (Búzios Island, São Paulo State), , Ph.D. Dissertation. University of California, Davis, UMI# 8919534Begossi, A., Fishing activities and strategies at Búzios Island (Brazil) (1996) Proceedings of the World Fisheries Congress, Theme 2, , R.M. Meyer C. Zhang M.L. Windsor B.J. McCay L.J. Hushak R.M. Muth Oxford and IBH Publishing Calcutta, IndiaBegossi, A., The fishers and buyers from Buzios Island (Brazil): Kin ties and modes of production (1996) Ciência e Cultura, 48, pp. 142-147Begossi, A., Cultural and ecological resilience among caiaras of the Atlantic Forest coast and caboclos of the Amazon (1998) Linking Social and Ecological Systems for Resilience and Sustainability, , F. Berkes C. Folke The Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics StockholmBegossi, A., Figueiredo, J.L., Ethnoichthyology of southern coastal fishermen: Cases from Búzios Island and Sepetiba Bay (Brazil) (1995) Bull. Mar. Sci., 56, pp. 710-717Begossi, A., Garavello, J.C., Notes on the ethnoichthyology of fishermen from the Tocantins River (Brazil) (1990) Acta Amazonica, 20, pp. 341-351Begossi, A., Richerson, P.J., The diffusion of "lambreta", an artificial lure, at Búzios Island (1991) MAST, 4, pp. 87-103Berkes, F., (1999) Sacred Ecology - Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Resource Management, , Taylor & Francis Philadelphia, PABerlin, B., (1992) Ethnobiological Classification: Principles of Categorization of Plants and Animals in Traditional Societies, , Princeton University PressBoster, J.S., Johnson, J.C., Form or function: A comparison of expert and novice judgments of similarity among fish (1989) Am. Anthrop., 91, pp. 866-889Buckel, J.A., Conover, D.O., Movements, feeding periods, and daily ration of piscivorous young-of-the-year bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix, in the Hudson River estuary (1997) Fish. Bull., 95, pp. 665-679Buckel, J.A., Fogarty, M.J., Conover, D.O., Foraging habits of bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix, on the U.S. coast continental shelf (1999) Fish. Bull., 97, pp. 758-775Cléments, D., Why is taxonomy utilitarian? (1995) J. Ethnobiol., 15, pp. 1-44Cordell, J., The lunar-tide fishing cycle in Northeast Brazil (1974) Ethnology, 13, pp. 379-392Costa-Neto, E.M., Marques, J.G.W., Conhecimento ictiológico tradicional e a distribuião temporal e espacial de recursos pesqueiros pelos pescadores de conde, Estado da Bahia, Brazil (2000) Etnoecológica, 4 (6), pp. 56-68Diegues, A.C., Human populations and coastal wetlands: Conservation and management in Brazil (1999) Ocean Coast. Manage., 42, pp. 187-210Dyer, C.L., McGoodwin, J.R., (1994) Folk Management in the World's Fisheries, , University Press of Colorado Niwot, COFaulkner, A., Aboriginal fisheries in New South Wales, Australia (2000) Indigenous Knowledge Dev. Monitor, 8, pp. 27-28Faulkner, A., Silvano, R.A.M., Status of research on indigenous fishers knowledge in Australia and Brazil (2003) Putting Fishers' Knowledge to Work - Conference Proceedings, 11 (1), pp. 110-116. , Haggan, N., Brignall, C. (Eds.), Fisheries Centre Research Report, University of British Columbia, VancouverFelt, L.F., Two tales of a fish: The social construction of indigenous knowledge among Atlantic Canadian salmon fishers (1994) Folk Management in the World's Fisheries, pp. 251-286. , C.L. Dyer J.R. McGoodwin University Press of Colorado Niwot, COFigueiredo, J.L., Menezes, N.A., (1978) Manual de Peixes Marinhos Do Sudeste Do Brasil, II. Teleostei (1), , MZUSP, São PauloFigueiredo, J.L., Menezes, N.A., (1980) Manual de Peixes Marinhos Do Sudeste Do Brasil, III. Telesotei (2), , MZUSP, São PauloFroese, R., Pauly, D., (2004) Fish-Base, , http://www.fishbase.org/Gadgil, M., Berkes, F., Folke, C., Indigenous knowledge for biodiversity conservation (1993) Ambio, 22, pp. 151-156Grant, E.M., (1985) Guide to Fishes, , The Department of Harbours and Marine Brisbane, QldGray, F., Zann, L., (1988) Traditional Knowledge of the Marine Environment in Northern Australia. Workshop Series No. 8, , Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority TownsvilleHaimovici, M., Krug, L.C., Alimentaão e reproduão da enchova Pomatomus saltatrix no litoral Sul do Brasil (1992) Rev. Bras. Biol., 52, pp. 503-513Haimovici, M., Krug, L.C., Life history and fishery of the enchova, Pomatomus saltatrix, in Southern Brazil (1996) Mar. Freshw. Res., 47, pp. 357-363Johannes, R.E., Traditional marine conservation methods in Oceania and their demise (1978) Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 9, pp. 349-364Johannes, R.E., Working with fishermen to improve coastal tropical fisheries and resource management (1981) Bull. Mar. Sci., 31, pp. 673-680Johannes, R.E., The case for data-less marine resource management: Examples from tropical nearshore finfisheries (1998) Tree, 13, pp. 243-246Johannes, R.E., The renaissance of community-based marine resource management in Oceania (2002) Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 33, pp. 317-340Johannes, R.E., MacFarlane, J.W., (1991) Traditional Fishing in the Torres Strait Islands, , CSIRO Division of Fisheries HobartJohannes, R.E., Freeman, M.M.R., Hamilton, R.J., Ignore fishers' knowledge and miss the boat (2000) Fish Fish., 1, pp. 257-271Johnson, J.W., Annotated checklist of the fishes of Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia (1999) Mem. Queensland Museum, 43, pp. 709-762Juanes, F., Hare, J.A., Miskiewicz, A.G., Comparing early life history strategies of Pomatomus saltatrix: A global approach (1996) Mar. Freshw. Res., 47, pp. 365-379Kailola, P.J., Williams, M.J., Stewart, P.C., Reichelt, R.E., McNee, A., Grieve, C., (1993) Australian Fisheries Resources, , Bureau of Resource Sciences and the Fisheries Research and Development Corporation CanberraKuiter, R.H., (1997) A Photographic Guide to Sea Fishes of Australia, , New Holland Publishers SydneyLucena, F.M., Vaske Jr., T., Ellis, J.R., O'Brien, C.M., Seasonal variation in the diets of bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix (Pomatomidae) and striped weakfish, Cynoscion guatucupa (Sciaenidae) in Southern Brazil: Implications of food partitioning (2000) Environ. Biol. Fish., 57, pp. 423-434MacKinson, S., Integrating local and scientific knowledge: An example in fisheries science (2001) Environ. Manage., 27, pp. 533-545Marques, J.G.W., (1991) Aspectos Ecológicos Na Etnoictiologia Dos Pescadores Do Complexo Estuarino-lagunar de Mundaú Manguaba, Alagoas, , Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Campinas, Campinas, BrazilMarques, J.G.W., (1995) Pescando Pescadores: Etnoecologia Abrangente No Baixo São Francisco Alagoano, , Nupaub-USP, São PauloMorril, W.T., Ethnoichthyology of the Cha-Cha (1967) Ethnology, 6, pp. 405-417Morton, R.M., Halliday, I., Cameron, D., Movement of tagged juvenile tailor (Pomatomus saltatrix) in Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia (1993) J. Mar. Freshw. Res., 44, pp. 811-816Muelbert, J.H., Sinque, C., Distribution of bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) larvae along the continental shelf off southern Brazil (1996) Mar. Freshw. Res., 47, pp. 311-314Pálsson, G., Learning by fishing: Practical engagement and environmental concerns (1998) Linking Social and Ecological Systems, pp. 48-66. , F. Berkes C. Folke Cambridge University Press CambridgeParrish, J.K., Using behavior and ecology to exploit schooling fishes (1999) Environ. Biol. Fish., 55, pp. 157-181Paz, V.A., Begossi, A., Ethnoichthyology of Gamboa fishers (Sepetiba Bay Brazil) (1996) J. Ethnobiol., 16, pp. 157-168Poizat, G., Baran, E., Fishermen's knowledge as background information in tropical fish ecology: A quantitative comparison with fish sampling results (1997) Environ. Biol. Fish., 50, pp. 435-449Ruddle, K., Local knowledge in the folk management of fisheries and coastal marine environments (1994) Folk Management in the World's Fisheries, pp. 161-206. , C.L. Dyer J.R. McGoodwin University Press of Colorado Niwot, CORuddle, K., The role of validated local knowledge in the restoration of fisheries property rights: The example of the New Zealand Maori (1995) Property Rights in a Social and Ecological Context. Part 2. Case Studies and Design Applications, pp. 111-119. , S. Hanna M. Munasinghe The Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics/The World Bank Stockholm/Washington, DCRuddle, K., Systems of knowledge: Dialogue, relationships and process (2001) Environ. Dev. Sust., 2, pp. 277-304Sard, F., Maynou, F., Assessing perceptions: Do Catalan fishermen catch more shrimp on Fridays? (1998) Fish. Res., 36, pp. 149-157Schnierer, S., Faulkner, A., Fisher, C., (2001) Aboriginal Cultural Values of the Native Vegetation of New South Wales, , Background Paper No. 5. Native Vegetation Advisory Council, New South WalesSchreiber, D.K., Co-management without involvement: The plight of fishing communities (2001) Fish Fish., 2, pp. 376-384Seixas, C.S., Begossi, A., Ethnozoology of fishing communities from Ilha Grande (Atlantic Forest Coast, Brazil) (2001) J. Ethnobiol., 21, pp. 107-135Sharp, N., Handing on the right to fish: The law of the land and cross-cultural co-operation in a gulf community in Australia (1998) Pacific Cons. Biol., 4, pp. 95-104Silvano, R.A.M., (2001) Etnoecologia e História Natural de Peixes No Atlântico (Ilha Dos Búzios, Brasil) e Pacífico (Moreton Bay, Austrália), , Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Campinas, Campinas, BrazilSilvano, R.A.M., Begossi, A., Ethnoichthyology and fish conservation in the Piracicaba iver (Brazil) (2002) J. Ethnobiol., 22, pp. 285-306Valbo-Jorgensen, J., Poulsen, A.F., Using local knowledge as a research tool in the study of river fish biology: Experiences from the Mekong (2001) Environ. Dev. Sust., 2, pp. 253-276Vasconcellos, M., Gasalla, M.A., Fisheries catches and the carrying capacity of marine ecosystems in southern Brazil (2001) Fish. Res., 50, pp. 279-295Vazzoler, A.E.A.M., Soares, L.S.H., Cunningham, P.T.M., Ictiofauna da costa brasileira (1999) Estudos Ecológicos de Comunidades de Peixes Tropicais, , R.H. Lowe-Mcconnell EDUSP São PauloWarner, G., Participatory management, popular knowledge, and community empowerment: The case of Sea Urchin Harvesting in the Vieux-Fort Area of St. Lucia (1997) Hum. 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What Do People Think About Pollution? Contributions Of Human Ecology To The Study Of River Pollution With A Focus On Brazil

River pollution has been reducing water quality for human consumption and affecting ecological integrity and biodiversity. Notwithstanding the biological focus of many studies addressing river pollution, it also has a relevant social dimension: pollution is caused by people and affects people in turn. The research area of human ecology studies the relationships between people and their environment. The main purpose of this chapter is to provide a brief review of studies on human ecology in Brazil, addressing three major approaches involving river pollution. First, studies of fish consumption by local riverine fishers reveal not only those preferred fish, which people regularly eat, but also the food taboos involving fish, or rules that lead people to avoid or to limit the consumption of certain types of fish A broad survey on fish food taboos among riverine fishers in the Brazilian Amazon shows that people tend to avoid the large piscivorous fish, which are top predators more prone to accumulate toxins. According to an independent study on mercury content in fish from an Amazonian river, some of the tabooed fish are also those showing high mercury content. On the other hand, in an urban river located in southeastern Brazil, people avoid eating bottom-dwelling fish due to increased seasonal levels of organic pollution, which is more noticeable. However, these people do not seem to perceive the danger of mercury pollution and its effect on fish. Such studies can provide indirect insights about water quality and the patterns of human consumption of contaminated fish. Second, some studies address the perception that people have about the ecosystem's integrity, comparing such perception to the literature or biological surveys. One such study shows that local farmers in southeastern Brazil overestimate the water quality and ecological integrity of streams located inside their properties, due to patterns of water use and to the financial opportunity of allowing reforestation on their land. Third, local fishers usually show a detailed knowledge about the behavior and ecology of the exploited fish. Such local knowledge may be a first-hand and invaluable source of information to deal with the biological pollution, or the invasive exotic fish (and other aquatic organisms), which can quickly colonize an aquatic habitat, often with drastic and unknown consequences to the local biological communities. 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Uses Of Fish And Game By Inhabitants Of An Extractive Reserve (upper Jurua, Acre, Brazil)

The fishing and hunting performed by inhabitants of the Extractive Reserve of the Upper Juruá, Acre, Brazil was studied, and an ecological analysis on the use of fish and game, including preferences, taboos and medicinal uses, and of fish abundance was made. Research was carried out at the Upper Juruá Extractive Reserve in three visits (1993 and 1994). A total of 143 individuals (101 families) living along the banks of the rivers Juruá, Tejo, Bagé, S. João and Breu were interviewed, and 115 species of fish with set gillnets were collected. Local economic activities included rubber-tapping and small-scale agriculture. Fishing was especially important in the dry season, when cast net and hook and line were used. Hunting and game consumption were intensive in the wet season. Some local rules may be useful as starting points for local management, such as the use of fish diversity through lake management, the use of water level seasonality, hunting periods or quotas, and food taboos. 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Fisheries, Tourism, And Marine Protected Areas: Conflicting Or Synergistic Interactions?

Most coastal degradation has been caused by anthropogenic actions, threatening the ecosystem services (ESs) humans depend on. Marine protected areas are a solution to protect ESs, such as fish stocks, although this could potentially lead to conflicts with fisheries and tourism. We investigated how fisheries and tourism in the SE Brazil interact with conservation, evaluating their potential for synergistic interactions. We sampled fish landings (n=823) in two villages and performed interviews with fishers and middlemen regarding fisheries and tourism, besides using secondary information regarding the MPA effectiveness. Fish production was high outside the MPA (9.25. t/day), and could be profitable, resulting in reduced fishing pressure, but a faulty market chain prevents this. Fishers involved with coastal tourism had better incomes than those who engaged in only fisheries. Tourism in permitted areas outside the MPA could benefit both fisheries and biodiversity conservation by reducing the time fishers allocate to fishing and by attracting visitors for wildlife viewing. Nonconflicting uses of ESs can be achieved by assuring that the local poor population benefits from more than one ES in a sustainable way, but that requires alternatives such as adding value to ESs and paying for environmental services