Molecular characterization of MRSA collected during national surveillance between 2008 and 2019 in the Netherlands

Background.Although the Netherlands is a country with a low endemic level, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) poses a significant health care problem. Therefore, high coverage national MRSA surveillance has been in place since 1989. To monitor possible changes in the type-distribution and emergence of resistance and virulence, MRSA isolates are molecularly characterized.Methods.All 43,321 isolates from 36,520 persons, collected 2008-2019, were typed by multiple-locus variable number tandem repeats analysis (MLVA) with simultaneous PCR detection of the mecA, mecC and lukF-PV genes, indicative for PVL. Next-generation sequencing data of 4991 isolates from 4798 persons were used for whole genome multi-locus sequence typing (wgMLST) and identification of resistance and virulence genes.Results.We show temporal change in the molecular characteristics of the MRSA population with the proportion of PVL-positive isolates increasing from 15% in 2008-2010 to 25% in 2017-2019. In livestock-associated MRSA obtained from humans, PVL-positivity increases to 6% in 2017-2019 with isolates predominantly from regions with few pig farms. wgMLST reveals the presence of 35 genogroups with distinct resistance, virulence gene profiles and specimen origin. Typing shows prolonged persistent MRSA carriage with a mean carriage period of 407 days. There is a clear spatial and a weak temporal relationship between isolates that clustered in wgMLST, indicative for regional spread of MRSA strains.Conclusions.Using molecular characterization, this exceptionally large study shows genomic changes in the MRSA population at the national level. It reveals waxing and waning of types and genogroups and an increasing proportion of PVL-positive MRSA.A group of bacteria that cause difficult-to-treat infections in humans is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The aim of this study was to monitor changes in the spread of MRSA, their disease causing potential and resistance to antibiotics used to treat MRSA infections. MRSA from patients and their contacts in the Netherlands were collected over a period of 12 years and characterized. This revealed new types of MRSA emerged and others disappeared. An increasing number of MRSA produces a protein called PVL toxin, enabling MRSA to cause more severe infections. Also, some people appear to carry MRSA without any disease for more than a year. These findings suggest an increasing disease potential of MRSA and possible unnoticed sources of infection. Consequently, it is important to maintain monitoring of these infections to minimize MRSA spread.Schouls et al. characterize 43,321 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates obtained between 2008 and 2019 in the Netherlands. Genomic changes occur in the MRSA population, with increases in the proportion of PVL-positive MRSA.Molecular basis of bacterial pathogenesis, virulence factors and antibiotic resistanc

Patterns of integration in the European food processing industries An exploratory analysis, with particular reference to Portugal

SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre-DSC:DX205988 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

Gas Solubility In Synthetic Fluids: A Well Control Issue

More than 90% of Brazilian oil and gas reserves lie in offshore fields and over 60% of the total reserves are located in deep and ultradeep waters. Some of the important technical problems associated with deep and ultradeep water drilling involve: i) low formation fracture gradients; ii) long choke lines; and iii) low temperatures at the mud line. The well control planning and strategy for drilling exploratory and development wells in those fields should address those technical drawbacks in order to achieve the safety requirements in a cost-effective scenario. The better understanding of gas solubility in synthetic based drilling fluids plays a fundamental role in terms of preventive (kick detection) and corrective (kick circulation out of the hole) well control practices. The present work involves PVT characterization of two organic liquids (n-paraffin and ester) currently applied in drilling fluid systems for deep and ultradeep water drilling, in Campos Basin (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). The measurement of thermodynamical properties of the methane-liquid mixtures, such as bubble point pressure, solubility, formation volume factor of oil, formation volume factor of gas and liquid density, were performed for 158°F and 194°F temperatures. The measurements were conducted in two different apparatuses: an Hg system and an Hg-free PVT system. The results showed that the correct accounting of formation gas solubility in downhole conditions and during the kick circulation is a very important issue for safely drill deep and ultradeep water wells. Copyright 2004, Society of Petroleum Engineers Inc.46314636Silva, C.T., (2004) The Study of Methane Solubility in Organic Liquids Applied for the Formulation of Drilling Fluids, , MSc Thesis (in Portuguese), Department of Petroleum Engineering UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil, FebrO'Brien, T.B., Handling gas in an oil mud takes special precautions (1981) World Oil, p. 22. , JanThomas, D.C., Lea Jr., J.F., Turek, E.A., Gas solubility in oil-based drilling fluids: Effects on kick detection 1982 Annual Tech. Conf. and Exhibition, , paper SPE-11115 presented at the, New Orleans, Sept. 26-29O'Bryan, P.L., (1983) The Experimental and Theorical Study of Methane Solubility in an Oil-base Drilling Fluid, , MSc Thesis, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LAO'Bryan, P.L., Bourgoyne Jr., A.T., Monger, T.G., Kopcso, D.P., An experimental study of gas solubility in oil-based drilling fluids (1988) SPEDE, , MarO'Bryan, P.L., Bourgoyne Jr., A.T., Swelling of oil-based drilling fluids resulting from dissolved gas (1990) SPEDE, , JunPeng, D., Robinson, D.B.A., New two constant equation of state (1976) Ind. Chem. Fundam., 15 (1), p. 59Berthezene, N., De Hemptinne, J.C., Audibert, A., Argillier, J.-F., Methane solubility in synthetic oil-based drilling muds (1999) J. of Petroleum Sciences and Eng., 23, p. 71Bureau, N., De Hemptinne, J.C., Audibert, A., Herzhaft, B., Interactions between drilling fluid ad reservoir fluid 2002 Annual Tech. Conf. and Exhibition, , paper SPE-77475 presented at the, San Antonio, Sep. 29-2 Oct. 2Srisvastan, S., Darwish, N.A., Gasem, K.A.M., Robinson Jr., R.L., Solubility of methane in hexane, decane, and dodecane at temperatures from 311 to 423K and pressures to 10.4MPa (1992) J. Chem. Eng. Data, 37, p. 51

Desempenho, eficiência de utilização dos nutrientes e estrutura do trato digestório de pintos de corte alimentados na fase pré-inicial com rações de diferentes formas físicas Performance, efficiency of nutrient utilization and gastrointestinal structures of broiler chick fed in prestarter phase with ratios with different physical form

Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da forma física da ração sobre o desempenho, a utilização dos nutrientes das rações e o desenvolvimento do trato disgestório de pintos de corte na primeira semana de vida. Foram utilizados 150 pintos machos Cobb distribuídos ao acaso em três tratamentos com cinco repetições de dez aves. Os tratamentos consistiram das formas físicas farelada, triturada e peletizada de uma ração pré-inicial comercial. Com exceção da moela, os órgãos do trato digestório e a estrutura morfométrica do intestino não foram influenciados pela forma física da ração. Maior digestibilidade do N foi obtida com a ração peletizada, enquanto a ração triturada possibilitou maior digestibilidade do EE. A energia metabolizável determinada para a ração farelada foi menor que a obtida nas demais formas físicas da ração. As aves alimentadas com raç��o farelada tiveram menor consumo de ração e ganho de peso e pior conversão alimentar. Ingeriram ainda menos energia, apresentaram menores retenções de proteína, gordura e energia corporal e utilizaram maior proporção da energia ingerida para produção de calor. As rações pré-iniciais na forma peletizada ou triturada possibilitam maior aproveitamento dos nutrientes da ração pelos pintos e melhor desempenho.<br>This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different physical form of pre-starter diet on performance, nutrient utilization and development of gastrointestinal tract of broiler chicks during the first week of age. A total of 150-day-old male broiler chicks was allotted to a completely randomized design with three treatments and five replicates of 10 birds each. Treatments consisted of three physical forms of a commercial pre-starter diet: mashed, crumbled and pressed into pellets. Except for gizzard, the other organs of the digestive tract and morphologic structures of the small intestine were not affected by the physical form of the diet. The highest N digestibility was observed in birds fed pellet diet, while crumbled diet showed the highest digestibility of EE. The metabolizable energy determined for mashed diet was lower than those determined for the other physical forms of the diet. Birds fed mashed diet had the lowest feed intake and body weight gain and the worse feed conversion. These birds also showed lower intake of energy and less protein, fat and energy retention in the body. They used a higher proportion of the energy consumed for heat production. Pre-starter diets prepared as pellets or crumbles allow better nutrient utilization and improve chick performance

Tempo de fornecimento da dieta pré-inicial para frangos de corte com diferentes pesos ao alojamento Period of feeding a pre-starter diet for broiler chickens with different body weights at housing

Avaliaram-se os efeitos do fornecimento da dieta pré-inicial (DPI) e do peso ao alojamento sobre o desempenho e as características de carcaça de frangos de corte. Utilizaram-se 960 frangos machos, linhagem comercial Cobb-500, alojados em 32 boxes, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 x 4, composto de dois pesos ao alojamento (42 e 46 g) e quatro períodos de fornecimento da dieta pré-inicial (0, 1 a 7, 1 a 10 e 1 a 14 dias de idade), durante 49 dias. Os programas alimentares compreenderam três ou quatro fases (pré-inicial e/ou inicial; engorda; final) e as dietas fornecidas eram à base de milho e farelo de soja. De modo geral, aves mais pesadas ao alojamento apresentaram, ao longo de todo o período experimental, maior consumo de ração (CR) e ganho de peso (GP). Não foram observadas diferenças significativas na conversão alimentar (CA) dos animais. Considerando todo o período experimental, as aves alimentadas com a dieta pré-inicial durante sete dias apresentaram maior consumo de ração e ganho de peso, porém, menor rendimento de carcaça. O peso ao alojamento determina o desempenho e o oferecimento da dieta pré-inicial durante sete dias beneficia o desempenho das aves.<br>The effects of feeding a pre-starter diet (PSD) and weight at housing on performance and carcass characteristics broilers were evaluated. A total of 960 day-old male chickens, commercial line Cobb-500, was housed in 32 floor pens as a completely randomized design in a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement &#91;weight at housing (42 and 46 g) and periods of feeding pre- starter diet (0, 1 to 7, 1 to 10 and 1 to 14 days old) for 49 days. The feeding regimes contained three or four phases (pre-starter and/or starter; grower; finisher diets) and diets were based on corn and soybean meal. Overall, birds with heavier weights at housing showed, throughout the trial period, greater feed consumption and weight gain. No differences were observed for feed conversion of the animals. Considering the whole trial period, birds fed PSD during seven days showed higher feed consumption and weight gain, however, lower carcass yield. Weights at housing determine the performance and feeding pre-starter diet during first seven days is beneficial for the performance of birds