Modeling of the relationship between Exchange rate and Money Supply ‎‎(1970-2015)‎

تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى اختبار العلاقة ما بين سعر الصرف والعرض النقدي في الجزائر، خلال الفترة ما بين 1970 و2015، وذلك باستعمال اختبار التكامل المشترك لـجوهانسن بالإضافة إلى اختبار السببية. وقد أوضحت نتائج الدراسة أنه توجد علاقة توازنية طويلة الأجل بين سعر الصرف والعرض النقدي في الجزائر خلال الفترة محل الدراسة، بينما أثبتت نتائج اختبار السببية لـ غرانجر وجود علاقة سببية تتجه من العرض النقدي نحو سعر الصرف، كما أوضحت نتائج تقدير نموذج تصحيح الخطأ (ECM) أن الزيادة في العرض النقدي بوحدة واحدة في السنة الحالية يؤدي إلى انخفاض قيمة سعر الصرف بشكل طفيف بعد مرور سنة واحدة.This study aims to test the relationship between the money supply and the exchange rate in Algeria during the period between 1970 and 2015, through using co-integration test Johansen's in addition to causality test. The results of this study has shown that there is no long-term equilibrium relationship between the money supply and the exchange rate in Algeria during the period under study, while the causality test results for Granger has proven that there is a causal relationship wich is moving from the money supply toward the exchange rate, as well as, The results of the error correction model estimate (EMC) has shown that the increase in the money supply by one unit in the current year leads to a slight exchange rate decrease after one year

A human tau seeded neuronal cell model recapitulates molecular responses associated with Alzheimer's disease

Cellular models recapitulating features of tauopathies are useful tools to investigate the causes and consequences of tau aggregation and the identification of novel treatments. We seeded rat primary cortical neurons with tau isolated from Alzheimer's disease brains to induce a time-dependent increase in endogenous tau inclusions. Transcriptomics of seeded and control cells identified 1075 differentially expressed genes (including 26 altered at two time points). These were enriched for lipid/steroid metabolism and neuronal/glial cell development genes. 50 genes were correlated with tau inclusion formation at both transcriptomic and proteomic levels, including several microtubule and cytoskeleton-related proteins such as Tubb2a, Tubb4a, Nefl and Snca. Several genes (such as Fyn kinase and PTBP1, a tau exon 10 repressor) interact directly with or regulate tau. We conclude that this neuronal model may be a suitable platform for high-throughput screens for target or hit compound identification and validation

Selective Inhibition of Retinal Angiogenesis by Targeting PI3 Kinase

Ocular neovascularisation is a pathological hallmark of some forms of debilitating blindness including diabetic retinopathy, age related macular degeneration and retinopathy of prematurity. Current therapies for delaying unwanted ocular angiogenesis include laser surgery or molecular inhibition of the pro-angiogenic factor VEGF. However, targeting of angiogenic pathways other than, or in combination to VEGF, may lead to more effective and safer inhibitors of intraocular angiogenesis. In a small chemical screen using zebrafish, we identify LY294002 as an effective and selective inhibitor of both developmental and ectopic hyaloid angiogenesis in the eye. LY294002, a PI3 kinase inhibitor, exerts its anti-angiogenic effect in a dose-dependent manner, without perturbing existing vessels. Significantly, LY294002 delivered by intraocular injection, significantly inhibits ocular angiogenesis without systemic side-effects and without diminishing visual function. Thus, targeting of PI3 kinase pathways has the potential to effectively and safely treat neovascularisation in eye disease

Activation of Akt by the Bacterial Inositol Phosphatase, SopB, is Wortmannin Insensitive

Salmonella enterica uses effector proteins translocated by a Type III Secretion System to invade epithelial cells. One of the invasion-associated effectors, SopB, is an inositol phosphatase that mediates sustained activation of the pro-survival kinase Akt in infected cells. Canonical activation of Akt involves membrane translocation and phosphorylation and is dependent on phosphatidyl inositide 3 kinase (PI3K). Here we have investigated these two distinct processes in Salmonella infected HeLa cells. Firstly, we found that SopB-dependent membrane translocation and phosphorylation of Akt are insensitive to the PI3K inhibitor wortmannin. Similarly, depletion of the PI3K regulatory subunits p85α and p85ß by RNAi had no inhibitory effect on SopB-dependent Akt phosphorylation. Nevertheless, SopB-dependent phosphorylation does depend on the Akt kinases, PDK1 and rictor-mTOR. Membrane translocation assays revealed a dependence on SopB for Akt recruitment to Salmonella ruffles and suggest that this is mediated by phosphoinositide (3,4) P2 rather than phosphoinositide (3,4,5) P3. Altogether these data demonstrate that Salmonella activates Akt via a wortmannin insensitive mechanism that is likely a class I PI3K-independent process that incorporates some essential elements of the canonical pathway