Kinetics of Reaction Between o-Substituted Benzoate Ions & Phenacyl Bromide

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A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON DEPRESSION IN DIABETIC PATIENTS

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a frequently experienced metabolic disease with chronic features and involves numerous complications around its course, which causes severe restriction and disability in an individual's common life. It was stated that the incidence of depression is higher in diabetic patients and that diabetes is one of the risk factors in the development of depression. Depression has been shown to be correlated with poor self-management (adherence to diet and medication, physical exercise, and monitoring of blood glucose levels) and high HbA1C levels. The main intention of this article is to produce a comprehensive review of epidemiological findings, clinical attentions, and management approaches concerning depression in patients with DM

DEVELOPMENT OF ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF NINHYDRIN-POSITIVE SUBSTANCES IN AMINO ACIDS BY HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

Aim and Objectives: The aim of the work is focused on the optimization of the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the determination of ninhydrin-positive substances in amino acids using HPLC technique in a single method. Since, most of the amino acids are widely used in the determination of Renal and Nutrition drug products exist independently in the monograph for each amino acid either by TLC or HPLC.Methods: The chromatographic separation was performed using sodium amino acid analysis cation exchange column using Sodium Eluent Na 315, Sodium eluent Na 425, and Sodium Eluent Na 640 as Mobile phase, performed by gradient program with detection of wavelength 570 nm using flow rate as 0.4 mL/min. The method has been evaluated using post-column derivatization technique (HPLC/Pinnacle PCX).Results: All the amino acids were eluted correspondingly at the individual retention time and the method shall be validated as per the ICH Q2R1 Guideline.Conclusion: The method has been successfully evaluated and developed for the analytical applications

Validated gradient Stability-Indicating UPLC Method for the Determination of Lidocaine and its Degradation Impurities in Pharmaceutical Dosage Form

Objective: Aim of the present work was to develop a stability indicating ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) method to determine Lidocaine and its degradation impurities in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Method: Chromatographic separation was achieved by gradient elution on Agilent eclipse plus C18 (100x4.6) mm, and 1.8m column with potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer (pH 4.50) and acetonitrile within a short runtime of 14.0 min. The eluted compounds were monitored at 230 nm using photodiode array (PDA) detector, the flow rate was 1.0 mL/min, and the column oven temperature was maintained at 40 ?C. Result: The resolution of Lidocaine and six (potential, bi-products and degradation) impurities was greater than 2.0 for all pairs of components. The repeatability and intermediate precision, expressed by the RSD, were less than 1.0%. The accuracy and validity of the method were further ascertained by performing recovery studies. The specificity of the method was investigated under different stress conditions including hydrolytic, oxidative, photolytic and thermal as recommended by ICH guidelines. Relevant degradation was found to take place under oxidative condition. Conclusion: Method was Robustness against small modification in pH, column oven temperature, flow rate and percentage of the mobile phase composition was ascertained. All these results provide that the method has stability indicating properties being fit for its intended purpose; it may find application for the routine analysis of the related substances of Lidocaine formulations

QUALITY BY DESIGN-BASED OPTIMIZATION AND VALIDATION OF NEW REVERSE PHASE-HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF LEVOFLOXACIN HEMIHYDRATE AND AMBROXOL HYDROCHLORIDE IN BULK AND ITS PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM

ABSTRACTObjective: Innovative application of quality by design (QbD) technique for simultaneous estimation of levofloxacin and ambroxol hydrochloride (HCL)in bulk and its pharmaceutical dosage form using reverse phase-high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method.Method: A method has been developed for the separation of levofloxacin and ambroxol HCL using RP-HPLC on C18 column (250 4.6 mm, 5 ml) withultraviolet detection at 306 nm. Experimental designs were applied for multivariate optimization of the experimental conditions of RP-HPLC method.Three independent factors: Acetonitrile content in the mobile phase composition, buffer pH, and flow rate were used to design mathematical models.Here, central composite design (CCD) experimental design was used to study the response surface technique and to study in depth the effects ofthese independent factors. Derringer's desirability function was applied to simultaneously optimize the retention time of last eluting peak (ambroxolhydrochloride) and resolution between levofloxacin and ambroxol hydrochloride.Result and Discussion: The predicted optimum assay condition consisted of acetonitrile, potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer (pH 5.00;potassium dihydrogen phosphate), and methanol in a proportion of 20:70:10% v/v, respectively, as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.2 ml/minute.Using this optimum condition, baseline separation of both drugs with good resolution and a run time of <5 minutes were achieved. The optimizedassay condition was validated according to the ICH guidelines to confirm specificity, linearity, accuracy, and precision.Keywords: Levofloxacin, Ambroxol hydrochloride, Experimental design, Response surface methodology, Derringer's desirability, Quality by designapproach

Oxidation of Acetonaphthones by Hexacyanoferrate(III)

14

INCIDENCE OF POST-OPERATIVE ADR OF ANESTHETICS IN TERTIARY CARE TEACHING HOSPITAL: CLINICAL PHARMACIST PERSPECTIVES

Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the use of anesthetics in various general surgical conditions and to identify the adverse clinical outcomes of anesthetics in post-operative patients using questionnaire and verbal rating scale (VRS) score and to assess the treatment pattern of adverse clinical outcomes of anesthetics.Methods: A prospective study was carried out in the Inpatient Department of General Surgery and ICU in S.R.M Medical College Hospital and Research Center involving patients up to 65 years of age. A total of 160 patients were recruited for the study based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Patient demographics, medical history, type of surgery, type of anesthetics, duration of anesthesia, ASA Grade physical status, system examination, general examination, vital signs, and anesthetics drugs were assessed using pro forma. Adverse clinical outcomes of anesthetics were assessed using VRS score. Day of incidence of adverse outcomes was also monitored, and management of post-operative side effects and its effectiveness were assessed.Results: During the study period, approximately 50% of the patient's undergone general anesthetics reported post-operative pain. The incidence of post-operative nausea/vomiting, sore throat, and cough was highest in patient's undergone general anesthetics. The adverse outcomes were measured by VRS score, showed that mild adverse outcomes were predominated.Conclusion: Patients who undergone general anesthetics developed high risk of adverse outcomes. The post-operative recovery of the patientwas the main challenge. If an adverse drug reaction is not monitored the patients satisfaction can be weakened in general surgery. Hence, it isconcluded that pharmacists can play a major role in assessing adverse clinical outcomes and its management

A PROSPECTIVE STUDY ON THE EFFICACY OF METFORMIN IN OBESE AND NON-OBESE PATIENTS WITH POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME

ABSTRACTObjective: The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy of metformin on fasting blood glucose (FBG), postprandial blood glucose (PPBG), totalcholesterol (T. chol), blood pressure (BP), weight and hence body mass index (BMI) in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).Methods: In a prospective study, 90 women aged 18-45 were treated with metformin 500 mg twice daily for 1 year. women were grouped as obeseand non-obese based on their BMI. The changes in measured parameters were analyzed statistically.Results: There was a reduction in weight, systolic BP (SBP), FBG, PPBG and T. chol (p=0.04, p=0.03, p=0.032, p=0.037, p=0.042 and p=0.047,respectively) in the obese group. There was no significant difference in diastolic BP in both the groups.Conclusion: Metformin treatment lowered weight and SBP and T. chol in women with PCOS. FBG and PPBG were also reduced in obese patients whileNon-obese women did not benefit from metformin.Keywords: Polycystic ovary syndrome, Metformin, Obese, Non-obese

ASSOCIATION OF SERUM HOMOCYSTEINE IN DIABETIC NEUROPATHY

Aims and Objectives: The main aim of the study was to find out the association of serum homocysteine (HCY) in diabetic neuropathy patients. Methods: All the patients who were diagnosed with Type II diabetes mellitus will be included. Their serum levels of fasting blood sugar, postprandial blood sugar, glycated hemoglobin, and associated blood parameters will be assessed. Diabetic neuropathy will be confirmed using nerve conduction testing, electromyography, and quantitative sensory testing with clinically correlated. The serum HCY levels will be measured and correlated with other blood parameters. Results: Of 1000 patients, 46 were Type I diabetic and 954 were Type II. The prevalence of neuropathy in diabetic patients was 156. Mean serum HCY without diabetic neuropathy was 6.8+2.9 and serum HCY with diabetic neuropathy was 21.6+0.29 and p value was found to be 0.0017. The correlation between serum HCY and diabetic neuropathy was found to be 14.5 with p=0.001. Conclusion: There has been a significant increase of HCY in diabetic patients. It can be clearly seen that elevated serum HCY level has led to some of the complications of diabetic neuropathy