Ação de fitoreguladores no desenvolvimento de Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L.

Plants of Chrysanthemum leucanthemum grown in pots with soil under greenhouse conditions, were sprayed with growth regulators twice, in May and June, to study the development of the plants in October. Succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) at concentrations of 1250, 2500 and 5000 ppm, (2-chloroethyl) trimethylammonium chloride (CCC) 2000 ppm, (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (CEPA) 320 ppm, maleic hydrazide (MH;) 1000 ppm, gibberellic acid (GA) 50 and 100 ppm, indolylacetic acid (IAA) 100 ppm, and water as check treatment, were applied. MH 1000 ppm reduced the number of leaves and stems. SADH treatments reduced the shoot growth and the number of stems. Applications of IAA 100 ppm promoted the formation of higher number of leaves and stems in Chrysanthemum leucanthemum. It was seen that sprays with GA at a concentration of 100 ppm elongated shoots.Plantas ornamentais de Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, cultivadas em recipientes contendo solo como substrato, em condições de estufa, foram pulverizadas em maio e junho com reguladores de crescimento, com a finalidade de se verificar a ação dos mesmos no desenvolvimento das plantas, determinado em outubro. Aplicaram-se SADH nas concentrações de 1250, 2500 e 5000 ppm, CCC na dosagem de 2000 ppm, CEPA 320 ppm, MH 1000 ppm, GA 50 e 100 ppm, IAA 100 ppm e água como controle. Hidrazida maleica 1000 ppm reduziu o número de folhas e hastes formadas. Tratamentos com ácido succínico - 2,2-dimetilhidrazida diminuiram a altura do caule e o número de hastes das plantas. Aplicações de ácido indolilacético 100 ppm promoveram a formação de maior número de folhas e de hastes em Chrysanthemum. Pulverizações com ácido giberélico 100 ppm incrementaram a altura do caule da espécie estudada

Minimizing errors in RT-PCR detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA for wastewater surveillance

Wastewater surveillance for pathogens using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is an effective and resource-efficient tool for gathering community-level public health information, including the incidence of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). Surveillance of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in wastewater can potentially provide an early warning signal of COVID-19 infections in a community. The capacity of the world's environmental microbiology and virology laboratories for SARS-CoV-2 RNA characterization in wastewater is increasing rapidly. However, there are no standardized protocols or harmonized quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) procedures for SARS-CoV-2 wastewater surveillance. This paper is a technical review of factors that can cause false-positive and false-negative errors in the surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater, culminating in recommended strategies that can be implemented to identify and mitigate some of these errors. Recommendations include stringent QA/QC measures, representative sampling approaches, effective virus concentration and efficient RNA extraction, PCR inhibition assessment, inclusion of sample processing controls, and considerations for RT-PCR assay selection and data interpretation. Clear data interpretation guidelines (e.g., determination of positive and negative samples) are critical, particularly when the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater is low. Corrective and confirmatory actions must be in place for inconclusive results or results diverging from current trends (e.g., initial onset or reemergence of COVID-19 in a community). It is also prudent to perform interlaboratory comparisons to ensure results' reliability and interpretability for prospective and retrospective analyses. The strategies that are recommended in this review aim to improve SARS-CoV-2 characterization and detection for wastewater surveillance applications. A silver lining of the COVID-19 pandemic is that the efficacy of wastewater surveillance continues to be demonstrated during this global crisis. In the future, wastewater should also play an important role in the surveillance of a range of other communicable diseases