Floating Exchange Rates after Ten years

macroeconomics, exchange rate

Luminosity enhancement in relativistic jets and altered luminosity functions for beamed objects

Due to relativistic effects, the observed emission from relativistic jets is quite different from the rest frame emission. Systematic differences between the observed and intrinsic intensities of sources in which jet phenomena are occurring are discussed. Assuming that jets have a power law luminosity function of a slope B, the observed luminosity distribution as a function of the velocity of the jet, the spectral index of the rest frame emission, and the range of angles of the jets relative to our line of sight are calculated. The results is well-approximated by two power laws, the higher luminosity end having the original power law index X and the lower luminosity end having a flattened exponent independent of B and only slightly greater than 1. A model consisting of beamed emission from a jet and unbeamed emission from a stationary central component is investigated. The luminosity functions for these two-component sources are calculated for two ranges of angles. For sources in which beaming is important, the luminosity function is much flatter. Because of this, the relative numbers of ""beamed'' and ""unbeamed'' sources detected on the sky depend strongly on the luminosity at which the comparison is made

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: Abnormal splitting of ethyl groups due to molecular asymmetry

Nuclear magnetic resonance (n.m.r.) spectroscopy provides an excellent means for qualitative identification of ethyl groups by use of the familiar three-four pattern of spin-spin splitting (1). It has been observed previously (2) that the methylene protons of systems of the type R-CH2-CR1R2R3 (where R1 can be the same as R or different) may be magnetically nonequivalent and display AB rather than A2-type spectra (3). We now wish to report several examples of this type of behavior with ethyl groups, particularly ethoxy groups, knowledge of which could be important to anyone using n.m.r. for organic qualitative analysis

Academic Publishing On Student Debt:: Homo Academicus Americanus

The recent call for a critical university studies from the American Studies Association speaks to a growing body of criticism about university corporatism, specifically its "colonialization" through, and production of, student-debt. The subject centralizes constraints upon academic freedom vocationally and discursively, yet little focus has been on the role of the academic as a participating member of such an institution. The tacit significance of the role of the intellectual within colonialization should be explicitly juxtaposed with the unique position of the academic within the university, and new questions of discursive resistance can be interrogated by reviewing the relationship of the academic and the university, the academic and academic publishing, and academic publishing and the university. Although the theoretical and legal dependencies of academic criticism are paradoxically defined by their academic "discipline," ​the historical turn in both the role of the university, as a globalizing industry of student-debt culture, and the turn to a critical university studies, lends the American academic to be situated as the resistant subject in an unprecedented crisis of discourse. A review of "academic publishing" on Americanized student-debt teases out and introduces an arising crisis

Five Years Later: Lessons from the Financial Crisis

The deepest economic collapse in 75 years occurred because of a widespread failure across the financial system rather than a single cause. In order to safeguard the economy in the future, I propose in this paper that strong regulation, implementation and enforcement of systemic protections and emergency lending capabilities are needed. I examine the problems that converged to create the financial crisis, and provide 10 insights from that period. Among the causes of the crisis I examine: global imbalances, a housing bubble, loose monetary policy, a very large increase in short-term market financing of broker dealers and portfolios, excessive leverage, and shadow banking. The paper provides new insight into how the crisis is connected to the fall of residential mortgage-backed securities prices and their drop in value as collateral. It also discusses the connection to incentive compensation and to opacity driven by complex financial instruments such as collateralized debt obligations (CDOs), derivatives, and exotic mortgages, which may not have been fully understood by many who dealt with them, including those who designed them

Deaf Students’ Metacognitive Awareness of the Reading Process and the Characteristics They Feel are Inherent in Proficient Readers

This study was conducted to gain insight into deaf students\u27 awareness of the skills and strategies they utilize during the reading process and those they feel are inherent in proficient readers. The subjects involved in this study included fourteen tenth-grade and thirteen fourth-grade deaf students taking Language Arts/English classes from various residential and nonresidential school districts in Monroe County. The students were given the Index of Reading Awareness (IRA) developed by Jacobs and Paris (1987) in the form of a questionnaire. The questionnaires were completed independently or with the help of an interpreter or teacher of the deaf to translate the questions from English to Sign Language. The data were collected and analyzed for evidence of deaf students\u27 metacognitive awareness during the reading process and the characteristics they felt were inherent in proficient readers. Similarities and differences were noted in both areas as well as any common patterns of behaviors and/or perceptions between the two grades involved in the study. Results of the study indicated that the level of deaf students\u27 metacognitive reading awareness increased with age. The deaf students perceived proficient readers to be those who possess a high level of vocabulary knowledge and who enjoy reading. Proficient readers were perceived to be those who read slowly, often, and are persistent with their efforts

Subsonic stability and control derivatives for an unpowered, remotely piloted 3/8-scale F-15 airplane model obtained from flight test

In response to the interest in airplane configuration characteristics at high angles of attack, an unpowered remotely piloted 3/8-scale F-15 airplane model was flight tested. The subsonic stability and control characteristics of this airplane model over an angle of attack range of -20 to 53 deg are documented. The remotely piloted technique for obtaining flight test data was found to provide adequate stability and control derivatives. The remotely piloted technique provided an opportunity to test the aircraft mathematical model in an angle of attack regime not previously examined in flight test. The variation of most of the derivative estimates with angle of attack was found to be consistent, particularly when the data were supplemented by uncertainty levels

Goddard X-ray astronomy contributions to the IAU/COSPAR (1982)

The relation of X-ray flux to both the continuum flux in the optical and radio bands, and to the line emission properties of these objects were studied. The Einstein Observatory, because of increased sensitivity and improved angular resolution, increased substantially the number of known X-ray emitting active galactic nuclei. The Einstein imaging instruments detected morphology in AGN X-ray emission, in particular from jetlike structures in Cen-A, M87, and 3C273. The improved energy resolution and sensitivity of the spectrometers onboard the Observatory provide information on the geometry and ionization structure of the region responsible for the broad optical emission lines in a few AGN's. This information, combined with theoretical modeling and IUE and optical observations, allows the construction of a moderately detailed picture of the broad line region in these objects

Cross-Species Analysis of Single-Cell Transcriptomic Data

The ability to profile hundreds of thousands to millions of single cells using scRNA-sequencing has revolutionized the fields of cell and developmental biology, providing incredible insights into the diversity of forms and functions of cell types across many species. These technologies hold the promise of developing detailed cell type phylogenies which can describe the evolutionary and developmental relationships between cell types across species. This will require sampling of many species and taxa using single-cell transcriptomics, and methods to classify cell type homologies and diversifications. Many tools currently exist for analyzing single cell data and identifying cell types. However, cross-species comparisons are complicated by many biological and technical factors. These factors include batch effects common to deep-sequencing approaches, well known evolutionary relationships between orthologous and paralogous genes, and less well-understood evolutionary forces shaping transcriptome variation between species. In this review, I discuss recent developments in computational methods for the comparison of single-cell-omic data across species. These approaches have the potential to provide invaluable insight into how evolutionary forces act at the level of the cell and will further our understanding of the evolutionary origins of animal and cellular diversity