Sustained release formulation of an anti-tuberculosis drug based on para-amino salicylic acid-zinc layered hydroxide nanocomposite

Background: Tuberculosis (TB), is caused by the bacteria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its a threat to humans since centuries. Depending on the type of TB, its treatment can last for 6-24 months which is a major cause for patients non-compliance and treatment failure. Many adverse effects are associated with the currently available TB medicines, and there has been no new anti-tuberculosis drug on the market for more than 50 year, as the drug development is very lengthy and budget consuming process.Development of the biocompatible nano drug delivery systems with the ability to minimize the side effects of the drugs, protection of the drug from enzymatic degradation. And most importantly the drug delivery systems which can deliver the drug at target site would increase the therapeutic efficacy. Nanovehicles with their tendency to release the drug in a sustained manner would result in the bioavalibilty of the drugs in the body for a longer period of time and this would reduce the dosing frequency in drug administration. The biocompatible nanovehicles with the properties like sustained release of drug of the target site, protection of the drug from physio-chemical degradation, reduction in dosing frequency, and prolong bioavailability of drug in the body would result in the shortening of the treatment duration. All of these factors would improve the patient compliance with chemotherapy of TB.Result: An anti-tuberculosis drug, 4-amino salicylic acid (4-ASA) was successfully intercalated into the interlamellae of zinc layered hydroxide (ZLH) via direct reaction with zinc oxide suspension. The X-ray diffraction patterns and FTIR analyses indicate that the molecule was successfully intercalated into the ZLH interlayer space with an average basal spacing of 24 Å. Furthermore, TGA and DTG results show that the drug 4-ASA is stabilized in the interlayers by electrostatic interaction. The release of 4-ASA from the nanocomposite was found to be in a sustained manner. The nanocomposite treated with normal 3T3 cells shows it reduces cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner.Conclusions: Sustained release formulation of the nanocomposite, 4-ASA intercalated into zinc layered hydroxides, with its ease of preparation, sustained release of the active and less-toxic to the cell is a step forward for a more patient-friendly chemotherapy of Tuberculosis

Obesity and male breast cancer: Provocative parallels?

While rare compared to female breast cancer the incidence of male breast cancer (MBC) has increased in the last few decades. Without comprehensive epidemiological studies, the explanation for the increased incidence of MBC can only be speculated. Nevertheless, one of the most worrying global public health issues is the exponential rise in the number of overweight and obese people, especially in the developed world. Although obesity is not considered an established risk factor for MBC, studies have shown increased incidence among obese individuals. With this observation in mind, this article highlights the correlation between the increased incidence of MBC and the current trends in obesity as a growing problem in the 21st century, including how this may impact treatment. With MBC becoming more prominent we put forward the notion that, not only is obesity a risk factor for MBC, but that increasing obesity trends are a contributing factor to its increased incidence

Development of a portable electromyograph for recording bioelectric potentials appearing in muscles

Алали Шариф, магистрант кафедры биомедицинской инженерии и управления инновациями, Казанский федеральный университет, Казань, Россия; [email protected]. Алхадж Хассан Фуад, аспирант кафедры возобновляемых источников энергии, Казанский государственный энергетический университет, Казань, Россия; [email protected]. Гайнуллина Лейсан Раисовна, канд. техн. наук, доцент кафедры возобновляемых источников энергии, Казанский государственный энергетический университет, Казань, Россия; gainullina7819@ mail.ru. Sharif Alali, Master's student of the Department of Biomedical Engineering and Innovation Management, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia; [email protected]. Fouad Alhajj Hassan, Postgraduate Student of the Department of Renewable Energy Sources, Kazan State Power Engineering University, Kazan, Russia; [email protected]. Leysan R. Gainullina, Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Ass. Prof. of the Department of Renewable Energy Sources, Kazan State Power Engineering University, Kazan, Russia; [email protected].В работе рассматривается диагностический метод электромиографии, позволяющий оценивать состояние функционирования нерва, иннервирующего поврежденную мышцу. Метод основан на регистрации и анализе биоэлектрических потенциалов мышц и периферических нервов. Цель исследования: разработка алгоритма работы и структурной схемы прибора электромиографии с возможностью преобразования результатов записи на ПК, дисплей и смартфон через USB и Bluetooth для их анализа. Материалы и методы. Предлагается метод измерения мышечной функции, который включает в себя наблюдение за движением мышц с поверхности кожи над мышцей. Мышечный датчик дает выходной сигнал в зависимости от ее активности. С помощью поверхностного электрода можно отслеживать общее движение мышц. С помощью программы для сопряжения мышечного сенсора Myoware EMG с Arduino получаем аналоговый сигнал. Значения датчика можно наблюдать на последовательном плоттере. Следующей задачей было прочитать данные датчика или аналоговое напряжение на LCD1602-дисплее. Мы подключили контакты I2C (SDA и SCL) LCD1602- дисплея к A4 и A5 Arduino. LCD1602-модуль отображает 2 строки по 16 символов. После загрузки специального кода LCD1602 по I2C-дисплей начал отображать значение аналогового сигнала EMG, а также напряжение. Arduino может связываться с другими устройствами через Bluetooth с помощью модуля HC–05 (zs–040). Этот модуль позволяет Arduino подключаться и обмениваться данными с другими устройствами, такими как смартфон, компьютер и т. п. Результаты. Было получено представление о биоэлектрическом потенциале, возникающем в мышце. Применяемый метод фиксации биоэлектрических сигналов в мышцах имеет практическое значение для клинической неврологии; его реализация облегчит и повысит диагностическую точность электрофизиологических исследований. Заключение. В данной работе разработана структурная схема прибора и решение технической задачи на основе технических требований, разработан алгоритм прибора. На выполнение практических работ с учетом затрат основных и вспомогательных материалов, а также прочих прямых затрат израсходовано 4963 руб. The paper discusses the diagnostic method of electromyography, which allows assessing the state of functioning of the nerve that innervates the damaged muscle. The method is based on registration and analysis of bioelectrical potentials of muscles and peripheral nerves. Purpose of the study: develop an algorithm of operation and a structural diagram of an electromyography device with the possibility of converting the recording results to a PC, display and smartphone via USB and bluetooth for their analysis. Materials and methods. A method is proposed for measuring muscle function, which involves observing the movement of muscles from the surface of the skin over the muscle. The muscle sensor gives an output signal depending on its activity. Using a surface electrode, you can track the overall movement of the muscles. Using the program for interfacing the Myoware EMG muscle sensor with the Arduino, we obtain an analog signal. The sensor values can be observed on the serial plotter. The next task was to read the sensor data or analog voltage on the LCD1602 display. We have connected the I2C pins (SDA and SCL) of the LCD1602 to A4 and A5 of the Arduino. LCD1602 module displays 2 lines of 16 characters. After downloading the special code LCD1602 via I2C, the display began to display the value of the EMG analog signal, as well as the voltage. The Arduino can communicate with other devices via Bluetooth using the HC-05 (zs-040) module. This module allows the Arduino to connect and communicate with other devices such as a smartphone, computer or other. Results. Based on the results of the study, an idea was obtained of the bioelectric potential that occurs in the muscle. The applied method of fixation of bioelectrical signals in muscles is of practical importance for clinical neurology; its implementation will facilitate and increase the diagnostic accuracy of electrophysiological studies. Conclusion. In this study, a structural diagram of the device and the solution of a technical problem based on technical requirements have been developed, and an algorithm for the device has been developed. 4,963 rubles were spent on the implementation of practical study taking into account the costs of basic and auxiliary materials, as well as other direct costs

Comparing the Value Relevance of Cash Flow Ratios and DU Pont Ratios under IFRS: A Case Study

In this research, the main aim is to point out the importance of financial reporting from the companies' both internal and external points of view. For this reason it is good to emphasize that the accounting knowledge that will be gained by the companies' financial reports leads the way in decision making process of the internal and the external environment of the companies. Within this context, the financial ratios have been classified and described. By the reason of the fact that cash flow ratios and Du Pont ratios are the key considerations of the research, these mentioned ratios have been examined in more detail. While taking the next step, the value relevance of the cash flow ratios and Du Pont ratios have been compared. Within this value relevance comparison process, the companies that take place in BIST 100 have been taken into consideration. While comparing the value relevance of the cash flow ratios and Du Pont ratios of the BIST 100 companies, the effects of the CFFO, ROA, and ROE on the companies' stock prices and stock returns have been examined. Based on the findings that are obtained from the research, ROE and ROA are consistent with the stock price and/or return