The structure of the ICM from High Resolution SPH simulations

We present results from a set of high (512^3 effective resolution), and ultra-high (1024^3) SPH adiabatic cosmological simulations of cluster formation aimed at studying the internal structure of the intracluster medium (ICM). We derive a self-consistent analytical model of the structure of the intracluster medium (ICM). We discuss the radial structure and scaling relations expected from purely gravitational collapse, and show that the choice of a particular halo model can have important consequences on the interpretation of observational data. The validity of the approximations of hydrostatic equilibrium and a polytropic equation of state are checked against results of our simulations. The properties of the ICM are fully specified when a 'universal' profile is assumed for either the dark or the baryonic component. We also show the first results from an unprecedented large-scale simulation of 500 Mpc/h and 2 times 512^3 gas and dark matter particles. This experiment will make possible a detailed study of the large-scale distribution of clusters as a function of their X-ray properties.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, to appear in the Proceedings of IAU Colloquium 195: "Outskirts of Galaxy Clusters: intense life in the suburbs", Torino Italy, March 200

La reforma fiscal ante el esfuerzo productivo y la asunción de riesgos

Desde que en 1977 se inicia la Reforma Tributaria, junto a una multiplicidad de otros cambios institucionales en diversas áreas, se produce la conocida Reforma Fiscal que afectará de manera directa al ahorro, de una parte, y a las decisiones de inversión de las empresas, por otra. Se analiza cómo afecta el cambio tributario a la disposición ante el esfuerzo, la correlación entre renta y esfuerzo así como su influencia sobre las decisiones de inversión empresarial por medio de nuevos incentivos a la inversión. Este cambio tributario no puede valorarse negativamente, ni ha reducido los incentivos al ahorro, ni va a afectar negativamente las decisiones de inversión empresarial.Since in 1977 starts the Tax Reform, along with a multiplicity of other institutional changes in various areas, occurs the known Fiscal Reform that will directly affect the savings, on the one hand, and the investment decisions of firms, on the other. Discusses how it affects the tax change to the layout before the effort, the correlation between income and effort as well as their influence on the decisions of business investment through new investment incentives. This tax change cannot be assessed negatively, since it has not reduced savings incentives and it has not affected the decisions of business investment

A proposal to solve some puzzles in semileptonic B decays

Some long-standing problems in the experimental data for semileptonic b -> c l nu decay rates have resisted attempts to resolve them, despite substantial efforts. We summarize the issues, and propose a possible resolution, which may alleviate several of these tensions simultaneously, including the "1/2 vs. 3/2 puzzle" and the composition of the inclusive decay rate in terms of exclusive channels.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

Relay synchronization in multiplex networks

Relay (or remote) synchronization between two not directly connected oscillators in a network is an important feature allowing distant coordination. In this work, we report a systematic study of this phenomenon in multiplex networks, where inter-layer synchronization occurs between distant layers mediated by a relay layer that acts as a transmitter. We show that this transmission can be extended to higher order relay configurations, provided symmetry conditions are preserved. By first order perturbative analysis, we identify the dynamical and topological dependencies of relay synchronization in a multiplex. We find that the relay synchronization threshold is considerably reduced in a multiplex configuration, and that such synchronous state is mostly supported by the lower degree nodes of the outer layers, while hubs can be de-multiplexed without affecting overall coherence. Finally, we experimentally validated the analytical and numerical findings by means of a multiplex of three layers of electronic circuits.the analytical and numerical findings by means of a multiplex of three layers of electronic circuits

Aural fullness and transtympanic ventilation tubes in Ménière's disease: a scoping review

Background: Ménière’s Disease (MD) often presents with aural fullness, for reasons that are currently not well understood. Insertion of transtympanic ventilation tubes (VTs) has been historically used for the management of this symptom, though the nature and mechanism of effectiveness is unclear. Objectives: To give an overview of the data available on the effects of VT insertion on aural fullness in MD. Methods: The databases PubMed, EMBASE, Medline, SCOPUS, Web of Science, CENTRAL and Google Scholar were searched to identify relevant records. Records were subsequently analysed and data extracted. Results: Only two studies directly measured the effect of VT insertion on aural fullness, while three others measured it as a placebo to another treatment. Considerable heterogeneity was found among the studies, including conflicting conclusions. Conclusions: There is a paucity of evidence investigating the effect of grommet insertion on aural fullness in MD. This work directs future research into this topic

The mineralocorticoid receptor plays a transient role in mouse skin development

3 páginas, 2 figuras. Contiene material suplemenarioGlucocorticoid (GC) hormones can bind two structurally and functionally related steroid receptors: the GC Receptor (GR or Nr3c1) and the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR or Nr3c2), which recognize the same DNA response elements and act as ligand-dependent transcription factors. While the crucial role of GR for skin homeostasis has been widely characterized, the exact role of MR in this tissue deserves further study. We assessed NR3C2 expression in developing and adult WT mouse skin and found a transient peak at embryonic day (E)16.5, which along with low levels of HSD11B2, the enzyme inactivating GCs, supports a role for GC-MR complexes in epidermal maturation. Consistent with this observation, MR-/- embryonic skin showed alterations in early epidermal differentiation that resolved postnatally. The lack of a more severe skin phenotype of MR-/- mice suggests functional compensation by GR in this tissue in the perinatal period.This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI grant numbers 25870545 and 15K09772. Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación. Grant Numbers: SAF2011-28115, SAF2014-59474-RPeer Reviewe

Immunization With Bovine Herpesvirus-4-Based Vector Delivering PPRV-H Protein Protects Sheep From PPRV Challenge

The Morbillivirus peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is the causal agent of a highly contagious disease that mostly affects sheep and goats and produces considerable losses in developing countries. Current PPRV control strategies rely on live-attenuated vaccines, which are not ideal, as they cannot differentiate infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA). Recombinant vector-based vaccines expressing viral subunits can provide an alternative to conventional vaccines, as they can be easily paired with DIVA diagnostic tools. In the present work, we used the bovine herpesvirus-4-based vector (BoHV-4-A) to deliver PPRV hemagglutinin H antigen (BoHV-4-A-PPRV-H-ΔTK). Vaccination with BoHV-4-A-PPRV-H-ΔTK protected sheep from virulent PPRV challenge and prevented virus shedding. Protection correlated with anti-PPRV IgGs, neutralizing antibodies and IFN-γ-producing cells induced by the vaccine. Detection of antibodies exclusively against H-PPRV in animal sera and not against other PPRV viral proteins such as F or N could serve as a DIVA diagnostic test when using BoHV-4-A-PPRV-H-ΔTK as vaccine. Our data indicate that BoHV-4-A-PPRV-H-ΔTK could be a promising new approach for PPRV eradication programs

Bioluminescent-like squamation in the galeomorph shark Apristurus ampliceps (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii)

Galeomorph sharks constitute the most taxonomically and ecologically diverse superorder of living selachians. Despite comprising several typically deep-water taxa, no bioluminescent species have been reported in this group so far. Interestingly, the study of shark squamation has been revealed in recent years to be a good proxy for inferring some ecological aspects of poorly known species. In particular, the high morphological specificity of the dermal denticles and the squamation patterns of all currently-known bioluminescent sharks could constitute a potential tool for predicting bioluminescence in both fossil and living taxa. Following this idea, we provide the first evidence supporting the possible existence of bioluminescence among galeomorph sharks by means of the quantitative study of Apristurus ampliceps squamation pattern. Classical morphometric analysis and multivariate statistical procedures have allowed us to determine that A. ampliceps squamation, composed mainly of bristle-shaped dermal denticles, is highly convergent with that of the bioluminescent shark Etmopterus spinax. The ecology of A. ampliceps, being a species that exclusively inhabits aphotic waters, is in agreement with such a morphofunctional interpretation, but finding photophores is imperative to confirm this prediction

Dimensional crossover of a boson gas in multilayers

We obtain the thermodynamic properties for a non-interacting Bose gas constrained on multilayers modeled by a periodic Kronig-Penney delta potential in one direction and allowed to be free in the other two directions. We report Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) critical temperatures, chemical potential, internal energy, specific heat, and entropy for different values of a dimensionless impenetrability $P\geqslant 0$ between layers. The BEC critical temperature $T_{c}$ coincides with the ideal gas BEC critical temperature $T_{0}$ when $P=0$ and rapidly goes to zero as $P$ increases to infinity for any finite interlayer separation. The specific heat $C_{V}$ \textit{vs} $T$ for finite $P$ and plane separation $a$ exhibits one minimum and one or two maxima in addition to the BEC, for temperatures larger than $T_{c}$ which highlights the effects due to particle confinement. Then we discuss a distinctive dimensional crossover of the system through the specific heat behavior driven by the magnitude of $P$. For $T<T_{c}$ the crossover is revealed by the change in the slope of $\log C_{V}(T)$ and when $T>T_{c}$, it is evidenced by a broad minimum in $C_{V}(T)$.Comment: Ten pages, nine figure